题目
题型：0106 期末题难度：来源：
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because
certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely
believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological
(生理的) "drive" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort
of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with
no reward except the successful outcome.
Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to
carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a
baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with
clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children"s response in situation where no milk was provided.
He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the
movement"switched on a display of lights-and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to
bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek"s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation
that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when
the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it
was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a
fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
B. will meet their physical needs
C. will bring them a feeling of success
D. will satisfy their curiosity
B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D. would turn its head to right or life when it had enough to drink
B. be rewarded with milk
C. please their parents
D. be praised
B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C. their strong desire to solve complex problem
D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
答案
核心考点
试题【阅读理解。 For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other c】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
temperature. This helps us decide what to wear. 1_____. We want our food to be a certain coldness
in the refrigerator. We want it a certain hotness in the oven. If we don"t feel well, we use a thermometer
to see if we have a fever. We keep our rooms a certain warmth in the winter and a certain coolness in
the summer.
Not all the thermometers use the same system to measure temperature. We use a system called the
Fahrenheit scale. But most other countries use the Centigrade scale. Both systems use the freezing and
boiling points of water as their guide. 2_____.
The most common kind of thermometer is made with mercury (水银) inside a clear glass tube. As
mercury (or any other liquid ) becomes hot, it expands. As it gets colder, it contracts (收缩). That is
why on hot days the mercury line is high in the glass tube. 3_____.
First. Take a clear glass juice bottle that has a cap; fill the bottle with coloured water. Tap a hole in
the center of the cap using a hammer and thick nail. Put the cap on the jar. Then stick a plastic straw
(吸管) through the nail hole. 4_____.
Finally. Place a white card on the outside of the bottle and behind the straw. Now you can see the
water lever easily. 5_____.
As the temperature goes down, the water will contract, and the lever in the straw will come down.
Perhaps you will want to keep a record of the water lever in the straw each morning for a week.
lives.
B. Thermometers measure temperature, by using materials that change in the same way when they are
heated or cooled.
C. Now that you know this rule you can make a thermometer of your own that will work.
D. The water will rise in the straw. As the temperature of the air goes up, the water will expand and rise
even higher.
E. They label these in different ways. On the Fahrenheit scale water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212
degrees. On the Celsius scale water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100degrees.
F. Take wax (you may use an old candle if you have one) and melt some of it right where the straw is
struck into the cap to seal (把..粘住) them together.
G. People use thermometers which are made by themselves when travelling around the world.
This article gives some suggestions on how to give an effective speech.
So, you have to give a speech-and you"re terrified. You get nervous, you forget what you want to say,
you stumble over words, you talk too long, and you bore your audience. Later you think, "Thank goodness,
it"s over. I"m just no good at public speaking. I hope I never have to do that again."
Cheer up! It doesn"t have to be that bad. Here are some simple steps to take the pain out of speech
making. Ask yourself the purpose of your speech. What is the occasion? Why are you speaking? Then,
gather as many facts as you can on your subject. Spend plenty of time doing your research. Then spend
plenty of time organizing your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many examples
as possible, and use pictures, charts, and graphs if they will help you make your points more clearly. Never
forget your audience. Don"t talk over their heads, and don"t talk down to them. Treat your audience with
respect. They will appreciate your thoughtfulness.
Just remember: be prepared. Know your subject, your audience, and the occasion. Be brief. Say what you
have to say and then stop. And be yourself. Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-
person contact with your audience.
If you follow these simple steps, you"ll see that you don"t have to be afraid of public speaking. In fact,
you may find the experience so enjoyable that you volunteer to make more speeches! You"re not convinced
yet? Give it a try and see what happens.
B. a poor speaker can never change
C. always make a short speech
D. it is hard to make a speech
B. many people are happy to give a speech
C. many people do not prepare for a speech
D. many people talk too long
B. look at the ceiling
C. look down upon them
D. use words and ideas that are too difficult
B. a lecturer does not need to organize his speech
C. research is important in preparing a speech
D. there are simple steps you can take to improve your speaking ability
B. How to Give a Good Speech
C. How to Prepare for a Speech
D. Try to Enjoy a Speech
country as well. Whether or not solar energy can save your money depends on many things. Where you
live is one factor and the type of home you have is another. Things like insulation (绝缘材料), present
energy costs, and the type of system you buy are added factors.
Using solar energy can help save our precious fuel. As you know, our supplies of oil and gas are very
limited. There is just not enough on hand to meet all our future energy needs. Sooner or later Mother Nature
will say that"s all. The only way we can delay hearing those words is by starting to save energy now and
by using other sources, like the sun.
We won"t have to worry about the sun"s running out of energy for another several billion years or so.
Besides, the sun doesn"t offer as many problems as other energy sources. For example, fossil fuel (矿物
燃料) adds to already high pollution levels. With solar energy, we will still need sources of energy, but we
won"t need as much. That means we can cut down on our pollution problems. With all these good points,
why don"t we use more solar power? There are many reasons for this. The biggest reason is money. Until
now, it was just not practical for a home owner to put in a solar unit. There were cheaper sources of energy.
All that is changing now. Solar costs are starting to equal the costs of oil and electricity. Experts say
that gas, oil and electricity prices will continue to rise. The demand for electricity is increasing rapidly. But
new power plants will use more gas, oil or coal. Already in some places the supply of electricity is being
rationed (限量供应). Solar energy is now in its infancy (初期). It could soon grow to become a major part
of our nation"s energy supply.
B. Solar energy.
C. Energy and pollution.
D. Energy and money.
B. become home owners
C. get rid of present energy
D. save our precious fuel
B. several hundred years
C. several billion years
D. several thousand years
B. Energy from natural gas would not pollute our living environment.
C. Energy from the sun would not pollute our living environment.
D. Energy from oil would not pollute our living environment.
B. so we will build more power plants
C. and the supply of electricity will be rationed throughout the country
D. so we don"t need it
China. Now they hope it won"t be too long before they are able to 1 its existence. Their confidence is
the 2 of a new discovery of the mystery animal in Hubei Province.
Ten Chinese 3 , enjoying a holiday in a National Forest Park, were driving down a road. As their bus
turned a corner, the men were suddenly 4 by what they saw. Three 5 animals, covered with long
black hair, were crossing the road. On seeing the animal, the engineers immediately stopped and 6 them.
7 , when they saw how the animals moved through the forest with great 8 and strength, they did not
dare to follow any further.
The men did not take any 9 . However, scientists are 10 by the discovery, because the engineers
were all very educated people and scientists feel they can 11 what they described.
After the discovery, scientists returned to the forest and 12 some hair and measured footprints. About
20 inches appears to be the animal"s foot! Chinese scientists have now set up a special group to exchange
information and make a 13 of the forest. But in the meantime, some people 14 to believe that this half-
man, half-monkey exists. They will not believe that it is 15 until one of the animals has been caught.
| ( )1. A. prove ( )2. A. basis ( )3. A. travelers ( )4. A. frightened ( )5. A. trained ( )6. A. shot at ( )7. A. However ( )8. A. difficulty ( )9. A. bullets ( )10. A. surprised ( )11. A. rely on ( )12. A. cut ( )13. A. film ( )14. A. come ( )15. A. wrong | B. analyze B. requirement B. engineers B. amazed B. projected B. looked at B. Indeed B. speed B. tools B. delighted B. deal with B. pulled B. tour B. refuse B. alive | C. protect C. result C. scientists C. upset C. tall C. fought with C. Meanwhile C. care C. medicines C. disturbed C. write down C. collected C. choice C. prefer C. real | D. check D. preparation D. explorers D. inspired D. violent D. ran after D. Anyway D. pleasure D. photographs D. supported D. pass on D. tore D. study D. have D. correct |
| 阅读理解。 | |||
| Before a new type of airplane goes into service, every part of it is tested again and again. But there are two tests that are more important than all the others. The first is called the "tank test". A modern airplane must fly very high in the sky. Air must be pumped into the plane so that the passengers can breathe. The metal structure (结构) of the plane has to be very strong for this reason. When the plane is filled with air, the air presses against the skin of the plane inside. The pressure (压力) on a small window is like a huge foot that is trying to get out. If a small part of the plane were to fail, the plane would explode in the sky. To test the structure of the plane, the plane is lowered into a huge tank or container of water. Then it is filled with air. The pressure inside the plane is greater than it ever will be when it is high up in the air. Finally, there is an explosion. This does not cause so much damage inside the water tank as it would anywhere else. Engineers can discover which part of the plane has broken. Then that part is made stronger. The most dangerous test happens when the new plane is going through test flights in the air. The test pilot must find out exactly what happens when the engines (发动机) are all shut off at once. The plane begins to fall like a stone. It is the pilot"s job to find out how he can get control of the plane again. These two tests are examples of how planes are made safe before they ever carry passengers. | |||
| 1. By doing the "tank test", the engineers can find out _____. | |||
| [ ] | |||
| A. the power of the airplane engines B. the amount of air in the plane C. the strength of the plane structure D. the pressure inside and outside the plane | |||
| 2. What will happen to the plane under the "tank test"? | |||
| [ ] | |||
| A. It will be tested by pilots. B. It will be broken. C. It will be made stronger. D. It will be filled with water. | |||
| 3. According to the text, why are test flights most dangerous? | |||
| [ ] | |||
| A. Too much air may get into the plane. B. The plane may explode in the air. C. The pilot may lose control of the plane. D. The engines may be damaged. | |||
| 4. What might be the most suitable title for the text? | |||
| [ ] | |||
| A. How Airplanes Are Made and Tested B. Two Important Tests on Airplanes C. The Importance of Flying Safely D. The Danger of Testing Airplanes |