题目
题型：不详难度：来源：
Lake-effect snow which is influenced by the movement of cold air over the relatively warm water of the Great Lakes often comes in late autumn and early winter. Because of the at least 20 degrees’ difference between the lake water and the overrunning air, it’s easy to form huge amounts of snow.
As the cool air crosses the water of Great Lakes, the lowest levels of the atmosphere begin to warm and pick up moisture. This newly warmed atmosphere is lighter than the cold air above it, so it starts rising. As the changed air continues to climb higher and higher, it finally meets much colder atmosphere which changes the moisture into water drops and ice, forming clouds. After this course repeats a number of times, the clouds become heavier and heavier, and then they are changed into snow and fall down.
The most important point that decides the amount of snowfall is the direction of the wind. If the wind runs perpendicularly（垂直地）across the lake, there won’t be plenty of time for clouds to develop. However, if the wind runs in the opposite direction, clouds will form easily. The longer the cold air travels over the lake, the more moisture it is able to produce, which leads to a greater amount of snow.
The largest amount of the lake-effect snow was found across the U.P. of Michigan, the northwestern Pennsylvania and the far southwestern and northwestern New York, which are all along the south or east of the Great Lakes. It has been over 100 inches of snowfall in a winter season.
小题1:The level of the snowfall depends on ________.
| A．the size of the lake |
| B．the direction of the wind |
| C．the temperature of the lake |
| D．the strength of the wind |
| A．clouds are easy to produce with the help of the perpendicular wind |
| B．cold air always falls down and picks up moisture to form clouds |
| C．the temperature of the lake water is the same as the overrunning air’s above it |
| D．the longer journey of the cold atmosphere can make a grater amount of snow |
| A．the influences of the lake-effect snow for local people |
| B．the weight between moisture and atmosphere |
| C．how the phrase “lake-effect snow” comes in New York |
| D．how the lake-effect snow forms around the Great Lakes |
答案
小题1:B
小题2:D
小题3:D
解析
试题分析：这篇文章讲述的是美国东北地区五大湖区的大湖效应降雪是如何形成的。
小题1:细节题。根据文章The most important point that decides the amount of snowfall is the direction of the wind.可知，降雪量的等级取决于风的方向。故选B
小题2:细节题。根据文章The longer the cold air travels over the lake, the more moisture it is able to produce, which leads to a greater amount of snow.可知，冷空气流过湖面的时间越长，就会产生更多的水分，就导致了大量的雪。故选D
小题3:主旨题。这篇文章主要讲述的是五大湖区是如何形成大湖效应降雪的。
点评：本文文脉清晰，结构很好把握。说明文是历年高考很常见的文体，对于科技类的说明文比较难，而对于说物的文体较容易。本文中，把握好一个中心即对五大湖区的大湖效应降雪是如何形成的介绍。同时，此类文章细节题居多，在对文章看懂了的基础在仔细对比选项和文章，即可得出答案。
核心考点
试题【The south and east of the Great Lakes is famous for the huge amounts of snow it 】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
According to John C. Davis, writing in E / The Environmental Magazine, just about any homeowner can collect rainwater, given that the roof and gutters do most of the work. And since an inch of rain falling on a 2,000-square-foot roof produces some 1,200 gallons of water, you can harvest enough to water your lawn or garden.
Plants and grass actually do better when fed rainwater instead of tap water, which is usually treated with substances that can hold back plant growth. Using rainwater can also extend the life of pipes, since the salts added to tap water may gradually damage the pipes. However, homeowners should set up a water purification system if they do plan to use rainwater for inside needs.
Rainwater harvesting can also be good for the local community, as it reduces the erosion, flooding, and pollution associated with heavy rainfall, and reduces dependence on public water supplies. So some states fund rainwater collection systems in their local communities.
Many varieties of rain barrel(桶) systems, starting at just $100, are available for home use. A typical setup is simply a rain barrel positioned under a gutter’s downspout. Skillful homeowners can make their own water harvesting systems, but buying one is a lot easier. Most garden centres offer a range of choices as well as tips.
小题1:The underlined word “no-brainer” in Para. 1 probably means something that ______.
| A．is hard to deal with | B．is very easy |
| C．is of no real value | D．deserves more attention |
| A．how to set up a water harvesting system | B．how a rain barrel system works |
| C．some advice on saving tap water | D．the benefits of using rainwater |
| A．Basic gardening skills. | B．Water-saving techniques. |
| C．Wastewater treatment systems. | D．Roof rainwater collection. |
Here the question is about how we define intelligence itself. The answer appears to be interesting, because the evidence from psychological studies suggests that much of our intelligence comes from how we coordinate ourselves with other people and our environment.
An influential theory among psychologists is that we"re cognitive misers(认知吝啬者). This is the idea that we are unwilling to do mental work unless we have to. We try to avoid thinking things fully when a short cut is available. If you"ve ever voted for the presidential candidate(总统候选人) with the most honest smile, or chosen a restaurant based on how many people are already sitting in there, then you are a cognitive miser. The theory explains why we"d much rather type a zip code into Google Maps than memorize and recall the location of a place – it"s so much easier to do so.
Research shows that people don"t tend to rely on their memories for things they can easily access. Buildings can somehow disappear from pictures we"re looking at, or the people we"re talking to can be changed with someone else, and often we won"t notice – a phenomenon called “change blindness”. This isn"t an example of human stupidity – far from it, in fact – this is an example of mental efficiency. The mind relies on the world as a better record than memory.
Philosophers have suggested that thinking is really happening in the environment as much as it is happening in our brains. The philosopher Andy Clark called humans "natural born cyborgs(电子人)", those naturally capable of absorbing and combining new tools, ideas and abilities. In Clark"s view, the route to a solution is not the issue – having the right tools really does mean you know the answers, just as much as already knowing the answer.
Rather than being forced to rely on our own resources for everything, we can share our knowledge. Technology keeps track of things for us so we don"t have to, while large systems of knowledge serve the needs of society as a whole. I don"t know how a computer works, or how to grow vegetables, but that knowledge is out there and I can get to benefit. The internet provides even more potential to share this knowledge. Wikipedia is one of the best examples – an increasingly large database of knowledge from which everyone can benefit.
So as well as having a physical environment – like the rooms or buildings we live or work in – we also have a mental environment, which means that when I ask you where your mind is, you shouldn’t point toward the centre of your forehead. As research shows, our minds are made up just as much by the people and tools around us as they are by the brain cells inside our skull.
小题1:Why did the writer raise the questions in Paragraph 1?
| A．To find out who has played James Bond in the movies. |
| B．To introduce the topic to be discussed in the passage. |
| C．To show that he knows the answer to the questions. |
| D．To attract readers’ attention by mentioning James Bond. |
| A．Supportive | B．Objective | C．Indifferent | D．Neutral |
| A．Intelligence is something that is made by one’s brain itself. |
| B．Intelligence is something that only happens inside one’s head. |
| C．Intelligence is the product of one’s inner thoughts alone. |
| D．Intelligence is a mixture of the environment, people and one’s brain cells. |
| A．are stupid not to notice the changes |
| B．are efficient in mental work |
| C．are blind to changes around them |
| D．rely on memory when dealing with things |
| A．They make us much more intelligent. |
| B．They make us lazier and more stupid. |
| C．They have little to do with our intelligence. |
| D．They have a negative effect on our intelligence. |
All the babies died before the first year. But clearly there was more than language deprivation (剥夺，丧失). What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the ability to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such extreme deprivation exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to signals of the baby, whose brain is programmed, to mop up language rapidly. There are critical times, it seems when children learn more rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again.
Linguists suggest that speech milestones are reached in a fixed order and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ.
Recent evidence suggests that a baby is born with the ability to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a teddy bear with the sound pattern “teddy bear”.
But speech has to be developed, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling, clinging, grasping, crying, smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals reduces the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s nonverbal (非语言的) signals is basic to the growth and development of language.
小题1:Frederick’s experiment was extreme because _________.
| A．he wanted to prove children are born with ability to speak |
| B．he wanted his nurses to say another language |
| C．he was unkind to the nurses |
| D．he ignored the importance of mothering to the babies |
| A．they do not listen carefully to their mothers |
| B．their mothers do not respond to their attempts to speak |
| C．their brain has to absorb too much language at once |
| D．their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them |
| A．difficult periods in the child’s life |
| B．moments when the child becomes critical towards its mother |
| C．important stages in the child’s development |
| D．times when mothers often neglect their children |
| A．have a high IQ | B．be less intelligent |
| C．not necessarily be backward | D．be insensitive to verbal signals |
| A．the child will be able to speak properly |
| B．the child will continue to give out signals |
| C．the child will invent a language of own |
| D．the child will make little effort to speak |
Although it has long been accepted that humans have a fixed lifespan, it is also a fact that certain other organisms, such as reptiles and amphibians, appear to live indefinitely. The only reason we do not see 500-year-old alligators is because in the wild their lives are always in danger, from man, from pollution and from other animals. When they are kept in zoos they do not seem to age at all after they are fully grown. The same is true of some species of fish, which grow indefinitely and show no signs of ageing. The existence of animals with no fixed lifespan seems to indicate that an age gene really does exist. It is this gene which scientists are searching for, which may delay or repair damage to the body caused by ageing.
Another new area of research involves the oxidation（氧化） theory, which says that ageing is caused by the same process that makes iron rust. In controlled experiments, the lifespans of certain animals were shown to be lengthened with anti-oxidants; for example, the lifespan of mice can be increased by 30%. Antioxidants are already being used in face creams and other cosmetics, and they are likely to play an important part in keeping people physically young.
Perhaps the most immediate advance we are likely to see in the battle to halt（停止）the ageing process will be organ replacement. By the year 2020 it is likely that we will be replacing injured bones or even organs like livers and kidneys with ones “grown” in laboratories. By 2050 perhaps every organ in the body, except the brain, will have become commercially available. Recent experiments also show that it may one day be possible to “grow” new organs inside our body to replace worn-out ones, something which lizards and alligators already do.
Suddenly immortality（不死，不朽） seems within reach. We can begin to imagine a future where we are born, we grow to maturity, but we never grow old and die. But do we really want to live forever?
小题1: When all humans reach a certain age, .
| A．they suffer the effects of their diet and lifestyle |
| B．the organs stop to perform appropriately |
| C．their cells continue to renew themselves |
| D．they develop arthritis and Alzheimer’s |
| A．alligators are in danger in the wild because of the threat from man, pollution and other animals |
| B．it is widely accepted that humans have a fixed lifespan |
| C．there exists an age gene which may control ageing |
| D．the age gene damages the body |
| A．live for a period of time without a fixed end |
| B．live without a clear aim |
| C．live in an uncertain way |
| D．live without being fully grown |
| A．by 2050 we might have most of our worn-out organs replaced with new ones commercially |
| B．never can the ageing process be avoided |
| C．livers and kidneys are sure to be grown in laboratories by the year 2020 |
| D．lizards and alligators grow new organs inside their body to replace worn-out ones |
| A．DNA researches show how our cells renew themselves. |
| B．Anti-oxidants are likely to play an important part in keeping people young. |
| C．How our biological clock works? |
| D．Eternal（永恒的） youth: new developments in anti-ageing research. |
| A．a future where we are born, we grow to maturity, but we never grow old and die is on its way |
| B．he is uncertain whether we can live forever |
| C．it remains to be seen whether immortality is a blessing or a curse |
| D．immortality is no longer a dream |
It’s a bit surprising that stress makes people focus on the way things could go right, says Mara Mather of the University of Southern California. She co-wrote the review paper with Nichole R.Lighthall. “This is sort of not what people would think, ” Mather says. “Stress is usually associated with negative experiences, so you’d think, maybe I’m going to be more focused on the negative outcomes.”
But researchers have found that when people are under stress, they start paying more attention to positive information and discounting negative information. “Stress seems to help people learn from positive feedback and impairs（削弱）their learning from negative feedback, ” Mather says.
When people under stress are making a difficult decision, they may pay more attention to the good sides of the alternatives they’re considering and less to the problems. So someone who’s deciding whether to take a new job and is feeling stressed by the decision might focus on the increase in salary more than the longer commute（上下班往返）.
The increased focus on the positives also helps explain why stress plays a role in addictions. People under stress have a harder time controlling their urges. “The compulsion to get that reward comes stronger and they’re less able to resist it,” Mather says. A person who’s under stress might think only about the good feelings they’ll get from a drug, while the downsides shrink into the distance.
Stress also increases the differences in how men and women think about risk. When men are under stress, they become even more willing to take risks; when women are stressed, they get more conservative(保守的). Previous research backs this up — men usually react to difficulties while trying to fight them or escape them; women try to find friends and improve their relationships.
小题1:By saying “You might want to hold off on that” in the first paragraph, the writer suggests that .
| A．you might want to delay making your big decision |
| B．you should save the presentation for later |
| C．you should avoid taking risks |
| D．you might benefit from the stress |
| A．often leads people to take more risks |
| B．often leads people to make balanced decisions |
| C．makes people think more of negative results |
| D．makes people ignore the negative side of problems |
| A．Stress is helpful in getting rid of addictions. |
| B．People who are addicted to drugs are easily stressed. |
| C．When women are stressed, they do not tend to take risks. |
| D．When men are stressed, they are more likely to develop an addiction. |
| A．Stress can affect decision-making. |
| B．Stress increases our desire to get rewards. |
| C．We should think more about the upside of problems. |
| D．There is a link between stress and negative experiences. |
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