题目

初中英语（完成时态）
有那些时间状语的出现要用完成时态（著名：过去,现在）

提问时间：2020-07-27

答案

过去完成时
一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点
概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”.
----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|---------------------------->
那时以前 那时 现在
构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称.
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning.
二、过去完成时的判断依据
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语.与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点.如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点.如：
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点.如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定.
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时.这种用法常出现在：
（ 1 ）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句.如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
（ 2 ）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时.如：
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时.如：
现在完成时是英文时态的一种
现在完成时的用法
have(has)+过去分词(done)
1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
3. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet
4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
6. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.
Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句)
7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.

现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系.
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了.(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了.)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...,today等)连用.
例如： Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去.
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿.(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去.)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了.(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去.)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now,so far)等.
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息.
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词.如：come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等.
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：
①主语＋have / has been＋for短语
②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句
例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了
一.have/has been doing sth.
1.现在完成进行时
当后面接有一段时间的词时,或是加表示时间的词时,可以用现在完成时.如果这件事现在还在持续或还在做,则可用
现在完成进行时.
如:I have been skating for 4 hours.
I have finished my homework.
2.现在完成时的被动语态.
后接动词的过去分词.
如:The building has been built for 5 years.
二.一般现在时:用动词原形
一般过去时:用动词的过去式
一般将来时:will/shall+do
is/am/are going to do
过去将来时:could/would do
现在完成时:have/has done
过去完成时:had done
将来完成时:shall have done
过去将来完成时:would/could have done
现在进行时:is/am/are doing
过去进行时:was/were doing
将来进行时:will/shall be doing
过去将来进行时:would/could be doing
现在完成进行时:have/has been doing
过去完成进行时:had been doing
将来完成进行时:shall have been doing
过去将来完成进行时:would have been doing