to gain access to the organs inside. It was once common for heart surgeons, who perform highly specialized
and complex procedures, to make long incisions in a patient"s chest and then split the breastbone to reach the
heart. Patients who undergo surgery are often at the risk of infection (感染), as bacteria can infect the cut in
the skin. In addition, there is often a lengthy recovery period.
A surgical technique known as "keyhole surgery" has become more common in recent years. In general,
the surgeon will make a couple of small incisions around the area where the operation I"m going to be
performed. Tubes are pushed into the holes, and a tiny camera is put into the body. The camera is attached to
a large monitor screen and the doctor can see it while performing the operation. In addition to the camera,
doctors also push their tiny surgical instruments through the tubes. The awkward part of keyhole surgery is
that it is counterintuitive; that is to say, if a surgeon wants to move the tool to the left, he or she must push it
to the right.
Another new machine called the "da Vinci Surgical System" has been tested in hospitals in the US-Unlike
keyhole surgery, this robot"s moving parts are designed to copy man"s hand and wrist movement, thus
providing better control and sensitivity. Sitting at a console (控制台) a few feet from the patient, the surgeon
can control the instruments by moving highly sensitive pads. The area of the body is enlarged on a screen,
which gives surgeons a view similar to that of a traditional surgical procedure.
The da Vinci Surgical System has been welcomed as revolutionary by many surgeons. Patients with serious
illnesses must still undergo major surgery, but the smaller incisions typically mean a shorter recovery time. On
the downside, some operations have taken up to fifty minutes longer because surgeons are inexperienced at
using the new technology. As surgeons become more familiar with the machines, the time needed for surgical
procedures is likely to decrease.
B. It often takes a longer time to do an operation.
C. The cost of the traditional surgery is very high.
D. The incision is likely to be infected after the operation.
B. The doctor cannot view the inside of the patient"s body clearly.
C. The direction in which a doctor moves the surgical tools is opposite.
D. A tiny camera has to be inserted into the patient"s body in advance.
B. reduces the amount of time it takes to perform a surgical procedure
C. allows the surgeon to use the surgical instruments more sensitively
D. gets rid of the need for surgeons to make large incisions on patients
B. the application of new technologies in modem surgery
C. the reflections on the development in medical science
D. the benefits and drawbacks of the da Vinci Surgical System
world in 2100 will be more crowded, more polluted and less stable ecologically than the world we live in
now. Visible ahead is serious stress involving population, resource and environment. Despite greater food
output, people in the world will be poorer in many ways than they are today.
For hundreds of millions of the extremely poor, the outlook for food and other necessities of life will
be no better, for many it will be worse.
While the economies of the developing countries are expected to grow at a faster rate than those of
the industrialized nation, the total national product per head in most less developed countries remains low.
The existing gap between the rich and poor nations will further widen.
World food production is estimated to increase by 90 percent from 2000 to 2100. Most of that increase
goes to the countries that already have relative higher per-head food consumption. Mean-while, per-head
consumption of food in the developing countries will scarcely improve or will actually fall far below the
present inadequate level. What is worse is that prices for food are expected to double.
As a result, many less developed countries will have increasing difficulties meeting energy needs. For
the one quarter of mankind that depends primarily on wood for fuel, the outlook is not hopeful.
Regional water shortage will become more severe. In the 1970-2100 period population growth will
require twice as much water as it does today in nearly half the world. Still greater increases would be needed
to improve standards of living. Development of new water supply will become more costly.
B. the resource will become more than enough
C. in most developing countries people will have less food than they have today
D. the living standards of the world"s population will improve greatly
B. things will be a little better
C. it will be necessary for them to improve their housing
D. it will be impossible to obtain enough necessities of life
B. to any country in the world that needs it
C. to developing countries
D. to those countries that already have high per-head consumption
B. water and air pollution
C. water and food shortages
D. food production and consumption
also know that most diets and quick weight-loss plans have about as much substance as a politician"s campaign
pledges. You"re better off finding several simple things you can do on a daily basis-along with following the
cardinal rules of eating more vegetables and less fat and getting more physical activity. Together, they should
send the scale numbers in the right direction: down.
1. Treat high-calorie foods as jewels in the crown. Make a spoonful of ice cream the jewel and a bowl
of fruit the crown. Balance a little cheese with a lot of salad.
2. Eat five or six small meals or snacks a day instead of three large meals. A 1999 South African
study found that when men ate parts of their morning meal at intervals over five hours, they consumed almost
30 percent fewer calories at lunch than when they ate a single breakfast. Other studies show that even if you
eat the same number of calories distributed this way, your body releases less insulin, which keeps blood sugar
steady and helps control hunger.
3. Walk for 45 minutes a day. The reason we"re suggesting 45 minutes instead of the typical 30 is that a
Duke University study found that while 30 minutes of daily walking is enough to prevent weight gain in most
relatively sedentary (久坐的) people, exercise beyond 30 minutes results in weight and fat loss. Burning an
additional 300 calories a day with three miles of brisk walking (45 minutes should do it) could help you lose 30
pounds in a year without even changing how much you"re eating.
4. Bring the color blue into your life more often. There"s a good reason you won"t see many fast-food
restaurants decorated in blue; Believe it or not, the color blue functions as an appetite suppressant. So serve up
dinner on blue plates, dress in blue while you eat, and cover your table with a blue tablecloth. Conversely, avoid
red, yellow, and orange in your dining areas. Studies find they encourage eating.
5. Clean your closet of the "fat" clothes. Once you"ve reached your target weight, throw out or give
away every piece of clothing that doesn"t fit. The idea of having to buy a whole new wardrobe if you gain the
weight back will serve as a strong incentive to maintain your new figure.
B. give advice on losing weight
C. persuade you to go on a diet
D. talk you into giving away clothing that doesn"t fit
B. the color blue encourages eating.
C. many fast-food restaurants are decorated in blue.
D. Eating five or six small meals helps reduce weight.
B. a big meal helps control hunger
C. a 45-minute walk a day discourages your appetite for food
D. buying new clothes can reduce weight
B. people should cat more fruit to lose weight
C. going on a diet is they only way to lose weight
D. restaurants should serve food with blue plates
millions of people in the developing world to wash their hands with soap.
Experts say people around the world wash their hands but very few use soap at so-called critical moments.
These include after using the toilet, after cleaning a baby and before touching food.
Global Handwashing Day is the idea of the Public-private Partnership for handwashing with soap. The
goal, they say, is to create a culture of handwashing with soap. The organizers say all soaps arc equally
effective at removing disease-causing germs (细茵). They say the correct way to wash is to wet your hands
with a small amount of water and cover them with soap. Rub it into all areas, including under the fingernails.
Then, wash well under running water. Finally, dry your hands with a clean cloth.
The Partnership says soap is important because it increases the time that people spend washing. Soap also
helps to break up the dirt that holds most of the germs. And it usually leaves a pleasant smell, which increases
the chances that people will wash again.
It also says that washing hands with soap before eating and after using the toilet could save more lives than
any medicine. It could help reduce cases of diarrhea (痢疾), which is the second leading cause of child deaths,
killing more than one and a half million children a year, by almost half.
B. To wash hands with soap.
C. To take action to wash hands.
D. To wash hands often.
a. Washing hands well.
b. Covering hands with soap.
c. Drying hands.
d. Rubbing hands with soap.
e. Wetting hands.
B. e-d-a-b-c
C. a-c-b-d-e
D. c-b-d-a-c
B. It helps to remove a lot of germs from hands.
C. It attracts people to do more handwashing.
D. It gets all people into the habit of washing hands.
B. causes the greatest number of child deaths
C. can be prevented to some degree by washing hands with soap
D. can"t be cured without washing hands
countries. They say people should eat more of the same kind of food eaten by humans living more
than 10,000 years ago. 1_______
The scientists say that human life has changed greatly. Our bodies have not been able to deal with
these changes in lifestyle and this has led to new kinds of sicknesses. 2_______ They are called "diseases
of civilization". Many cancers and diseases of the blood system arc examples of such diseases.
The scientists noted that people in both the Old Stone Age and the New Stone Age enjoyed very little
alcohol or tobacco, probably none. 3_______ However, a change in food is one of the main differences
between life in ancient times and that today.
Stone Age people hunted wild animals for their meat,which had much less fat than domestic (驯养的)
ones. They ate a lot of fresh wild vegetables and fruits. They did not have milk or any other dairy products,
and they made very little use of grains. 4_______ We eat six times more salt than our ancestors and we
eat more sugar as well. We eat twice as much fat but only one third as much protein (蛋白质) and much
less vitamin C.
5_______ But the scientists say that we would be much healthier if we cat much the same way the
ancient people did, cutting the amount of fat, salty and sweet food.
B. But today, we enjoy eating a lot of these.
C. In that case, they would live a much healthier life.
D. Ancient people also got lots of physical exercise.
E. These new sicknesses were not known in ancient times.
F. People today probably don"t want to live like our ancestors.
G. Modern people used to suffer from "diseases of civilization".
Like distance runners on a measured course, all of us will move through time in a roughly predictable
pattern.
In the first stage of our lives, we develop and grow, reaching toward the top of physical vitality (energy).
After we grow up, however, the body begins a process of gradually wearing out.
A new awareness of physical fitness may help lengthen our years of health and vitality, yet nothing we
do will work to stop the unavoidable force of aging.
Most of the changes of aging take place deep inside the body. The lungs become less able to take in
oxygen. Powerful muscles gradually lose their strength. The heart loses power and pumps less blood. Bones
grow easier to break.
Finally, we meet a stress, a stress that is greater than our physical resistance. Often, it is only a minor
accident or chance infection (a disease caused by virus), but this time, it brings life to an end.
In 1932, a classic experiment nearly doubled the lifetime of rats, simply by cutting back the calories (unit
for measuring the energy value of food) in their diet. The reason for the effect was then unknown.
Today, at the university of California at Berkley, Dr. Paul Seagle has also greatly lengthened the normal
lifetime of rats. The result was achieved through a special protein (蛋白质) limited diet, which had a great
effect on the chemistry of the brain. Seagle showed that within the brain, specific chemicals control many
of the signals that influence aging. By changing that chemical balance, the clock of aging can be reset.
For the first time, the mystery (something that is difficult to understand or to explain) of why we age is
being seriously challenged. Scientists in many fields are now making striking and far-reaching discoveries.
An average lifetime lasts 75 years, yet in each of us lies a potential for a longer life. If we could keep the
vitality and resistance to disease that we have at age twenty, we would live for 800 years.
B. Stress.
C. Aging.
D. Physical resistance.
B. physical fitness can"t stop the force of aging
C. human"s lifetime will last longer than 75 years
D. all of the changes of aging take place deep inside the body
B. By cutting the calories in their diet
C. By resetting their clock of aging
D. By keeping their physical fitness
B. The Mystery of Human Life
C. Ways to lengthen Human Life
D. The Breakthrough in the Study of Aging
- 1生活里的有关警示语,与物体的惯性密切相关的是( )A.汽车的后窗上贴有“保持车距”B.宴会厅门口标牌“小心地滑”C.商
- 2结合《观舞记》,解释下列句中加粗的词语。我们看她忽而双眉颦蹙,表现出无限的哀愁。颦蹙:
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- 5太阳系中某行星运行的轨道半径为R0,周期为T0.但科学家在长期观测中发现,其实际运行的轨道与圆轨道总存在一些偏离,且周期
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- 9【题文】若函数为偶函数,则实数
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- 1下列运算中,正确的是[ ]A.3a2﹣a2=2 B.(a2)3=a5
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- 3如图,表示两列同频率相干水波在t=0时刻的叠加情况,图中实线表示波峰虚线表示波谷,已知两列波的振幅均为2cm(且在图示范
- 4被伊斯兰教、基督教和犹太教都是视为圣城的是[ ]A.开罗B.耶路撒冷C.麦加D.麦地那
- 5是( )的平方根。
- 6下列说法正确的是[ ]A.磁通量越大,磁通量的变化越大 B.磁通量变化越大,磁通量的变化率越大 C.磁通量变化率
- 7若反比例函数y=k-4x的图象在每个象限内y随x的增大而减小,则k的值可以为______(只需写出一个符合条件的k值即可
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- 9将下列植物的名称与其相应的特征用线连接起来①海带 A.具有根、茎、叶,体内
- 10福建省是旅游胜地: 、厦门市的 等。