Starving polar bears are eating one another in the Arctic. Flowers are blooming
(盛开) too soon and die. The ice caps are melting so fast that rising water levels will
threaten coastal towns along Florida within several decades. These are just a few
examples of the terrible consequences of climate change discovered by a new research
in Nature that paints a dark portrait of what a warming world will look like in the years
to come.
The researchers analyzed 829 abnormal phenomena-including melting glaciers
(冰川)-along with nearly 30, 000 changes in plants and animals.and found that about
90% of them are in sync
(同步) with scientists" predictions about how global warming will change the planet.
"In the past three decades, average global temperatures have risen about 0. 60C
and are projected to jump by about l.7℃ by the end of the century," says Cynthia
Rosenzweig, who leads the Climate Impacts Group at NASA"s Goddard Institute
for Space Studies at Columbia University in New York. " We"ve already seen that
a relatively low amount of warming, "she says , " can result in a broad range of changes. "
The unnatural warming caused by man-made greenhouse gases , especially carbon
dioxide produced by cars and coal-powered plants, brings trouble for entire ecosystems.
In North America alone, scientists have identified 89species of plants . such as the
American holly , which have flowered earlier in the spring. In Spain , apple trees bloom
35 days ahead of schedule. in response to the higher temperatures. Other wildlife ,
liketheinsects that use certain plants for food and the birds that feed on the insects, must
then move forward their seasonal stirrings and mating patterns to survive.
To try to follow this time shift.some birds such as robins.the classic symbol of
winter"sthaw , are returning toColorado fromtheir migrations some two weeks earlier
than in years past. All these changes can throw a food chain in disorder, some bird
species that arrive before the insects reappear may starve to death.
"Around the world, plants and animals "are waking up to an earlier alarm clock than
they used to, "says "rerry Root, a biologist from Stanford University.
to_____.
B. present the results of a recent research
C. indicate the earth is now in great danger
D. call readers" attention to the new research
B. global warming has changed all the plants and animals
C. melting glaciers have caused the worst side effects
D. scientists made wrong predictions about the future of earth
B. Because certain trees bloom a month ahead of time.
C. Because they need to follow some insects for food.
D. Because the plants they use to hunt food bloom late.
B. They used to come back when spring came.
C. They used to predict the change of weather.
D. They usually migrate when seasons change.
B. Humans Are Causing the World to Heat Up
C. The Terrible Consequences of Climate Change
D. Global Warming Is Changing Nature"s Clock
cancer, intelligence Such news stories may lead us to believe our lives are being revolutionized by
genetic discoveries. We may be close to changing and getting rid of mental illness, for example and
identify the causes of crime, personality, and other basic human weaknesses.
But these hopes, it turns out, are based on faulty assumptions about genes and behavior.
In many cases, people are motivated to accept research claims by the hope of finding solutions
for frightening problems, like breast cancer. Accepting genetic causes for their characteristics can
relieve guilt about behavior they want to change but can"t. Efforts made to fight against them, at
growing expense, have made little or no visible progress. The public wants to hear that science can
help.
Meanwhile, genetic claims are being made for many ordinary and abnormal behaviors, from
addiction to shyness and even to political views and divorce . If who we are is determined from
pregnancy, then our efforts to change or to influence our children may be useless. There may also
be no basis for insisting that people behave themselves and obey laws. Thus, the revolution in thinking
about genes has great consequences for how we view ourselves as human beings.
Most claims linking emotional disorders and behaviors to genes are statistical in nature. The
research finds are insufficient for deciding that alcoholism or manic-depression (躁狂抑郁症患者)
is inherited. In the late 1980s, genes for manic-depression were identified by teams of geneticists. The
claims have now been definitively proved wrong.
Genetic data on the major mental illnesses make it clear that they can"t be reduced to purely genetic
causes. According to Myrna Weissman, Ph.D., Americans born before 1905 had a 1 percent rate
of depression by age 75. Among Americans born a half century later, 6 percent become depressed
by age 24! Similarly, while the average age at which manic-depression first appears was 32 in the mid
1960s, its average beginning today is 19. Only social factors can produce such large shifts in rate and
age of beginning of mental disorders in a few decades.
Scientists actively debate whether disorders like alcoholism are more or less biologically driven.
If they are mainly biological-rather than psychological, social, and cultural-then there may be a genetic
basis for them. In 1990,Kenneth Blum, Ph.D., of the University of Texas, and Ernest Noble, M.D.,
of the University of California, Los Angeles, found a certain gene in 70 percent of a group of alcoholics,
but in only 20 percent of a non-alcoholic group. But in 1993 Joel Gelernter, M.D., of Yale and his
colleagues surveyed all the studies that examined this gene and alcoholism. Different from Blum and
Noble"s research, the results were that 18 percent of non-alcoholics, 18 percent of problem drinkers,
and 18 percent of severe alcoholics all had the gene. As for Blum and Noble"s work, a more reasonable
model is that genes may affect how people experience alcohol. Perhaps some people"s nerves are more
activated by alcohol. But although genes can influence reactions to alcohol, they cannot explain why
some people continue drinking to the point of destroying their lives.
Therefore, claims that our genes cause our problems, our misbehavior, even our personalities are
more a mirror of our culture"s attitudes than a window for human understanding and change.
B. changed
C. misunderstood
D. disturbed
B. We are close to finding solutions to human weaknesses.
C. The public wants scientists to help fight against illnesses.
D. Americans became depressed at an early age for genetic causes.
B. We may think of who we are differently
C. We can change our children"s behavior
D. We need to make greater efforts to behave ourselves
B. Genes can explain why people drink too much.
C. Perhaps drinking is more rewarding for alcoholics.
D. There was no link between gene and alcoholism.
B. Nature and Education
C. Here"s the Myth of Genes
D. Genetic Discoveries
researchers.
Their study found that theobromine , found in cocoa, was nearlv a third more effective in stopping
coughs than codeine,which was considered the best cough medicine at present.
The Imperial College London researchers who published their resulcs online said the discovery could
lead to more effective cough treatment. "While coughing is not necessarily harmful it can have a major
effect on the quality of life,and this discoverv could be a huge step forward in treating this problem. " said
Professor Peter Barnes.
Ten healthy volunteers were given theobromine,codeine or a placebo, a pill that contains no medicine,
during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The
researchers then measured levels of capsaicin,which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign
of how well the medicines arc stopping coughs.
The team found that . when the volunteers were given theobromine , the capsaicin needed to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they needed
only slightly higher levels of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.
The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a nerve activity , which causes
coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side
effects such as sleepiness.
B. can be harmful to people"s health
C. cannot be separated from chocolate
D. can be a more effective cure for coughs
B. Codeine.
C. Capsaicin.
D. Placebo.
B. were divided into three groups
C. received standard treatments
D. suffered little side effects
B. Chocolate May Cure Coughs
C. Cough Treatment:A Hard Case
D. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs
This is a dangerous world we live in. The number of murders goes up every year,
people are dying of cancer, more people contract (感染)HIV, more teens are using
drugs, etc. You know this because you"ve heard all the statistics on the news and in
the paper. But do you really have an accurate idea what they mean? The numbers
are going up, but how do they compare to the growth in population? Are more cases
of these diseases being reported because of better testing techniques, or are the
diseases more common? The fact is that without knowing the background statistics
mean very little.
This growing trend of reporting only part of the information is becoming dangerous.
For example, several years ago a high school student reported the dangers of the
chemical known as dihydrogen monoxide. This chemical,found in most cancerous
umors(肿瘤 ) ,is often found in the blood of people drunk on alcohol, and causes
complete physical and mental dependence for those who take the chemical even once.
After reading his report, more than 75% of his Advanced Placement Chemistry class
voted to forbid this dangerous chemical! Every one of the above statements is true,
yet this chemical is necessary to all life on earth. The students made the mistake
because they voted knowing only a few statements and statistics, rather than the
chemical"s full background.
The point of this article is that one should be aware of what is and is not being
said. When one finds a new fact or number , one should try to consider other
important information before forming an opinion with only half-truths. Always
remember that the author is trying to convince you of his or her own view, and
will leave out information that is different to his view. For example, look again at
the statistics that suggest skiing is safe. Only 32 people may die each year when
skiing, while 897 die from lightning strikes, but which is really the most dangerous?
If you think about it, you realize far fewer people go skiing each year than the number
of people who are in danger of a lightening strike. When you think about it ,skiing
is more dangerous than you might at first think when looking at statistics. lf we
teenagers are to be left this world. we had better be able to think critically, and
form our own views, rather than be easily persuaded by another"s. To be warned
is to be prepared.
B. We get a lot of" false statistics from the media.
C. There are around us more and more murders,diseases etc.
D. Statistics alone without full background doesn"t give us an accurate picture of things.
B. To argue that high school students are easily persuaded.
C. To prove what is necessary to us might be dangerous.
D. To warn us of the harmful substance around us.
B. the author is trying to show what he or she says is true
C. too much information will make readers feel confused
D. readers are not able to analyze so much information at once
B. We should leam to think critically and look at problems from all sides.
C. The growing trend of reporting only half-truths is getting out of control.
D. Teenagers ought to improve their ability of telling right from wrong
an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation."I can"t think of a single study that hasn"t
found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to," says Dr David.Even people who
think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
The beginning of our sleepdeficit crisis can be traced back to the invention of the light
bulb a century ago.From diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th
centuries,sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep
about 9.5 hours a night."The best sleep habits once were forced on us,when we had nothing
to do in the evening down on the farm,and it was dark." By the 1950s and 1960s,the sleep
schedule had been reduced dramatically,to between 7.5 and 8 hours,and most people had
to wake to an alarm clock."People cheat in their sleep,and they don"t even realize they"re
doing it," says Dr David."They think they"re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours,
when they really need 7.5,8 or even more to feel ideally energetic."
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep,researchers say,is the complexity of the day.
Whenever pressures from work,family,friends and community increase,many people
consider sleep the least expensive item on their programme."In our society,you"re considered
dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours" sleep.If you"ve got to get 8.5 hours,people
think you lack drive and ambition."
To determine the consequences of sleepdeficit,researchers have put subjects through a
set of psychological and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of
numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier."We"ve found that if you"re in
sleepdeficit,performance suffers," says Dr David."Shortterm memory is weakened,as are
abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."
B.The epidemic of sleepiness in the modern times.
C.The history of people"s sleeping patterns.
D.The minimum of our sleeping hours.
B.Some people can remain energetic with only 6.5 hours" sleep a night.
C.If they get 8.5 hours" sleep,people will be full of drive and ambition.
D.People"s mental power suffers if they are lacking in sleep.
B.they knew what was best for their health
C.they had no electricity
D.they were not so dynamic and ambitious as modern people are
B.the pressures of the day
C.the sufficient energy modern people usually have
D.loud noises in modern cities
B.Branches of knowledge studied in a school.
C.Persons or things being treated in a certain way or being experimented on.
D.Any member of a state apart from the supreme ruler.
is usually a healthy source of protein in the diet, there may be several reasons to avoid biting into a forkful
of fish. Before you break out the tartar sauce, learn some facts about fish to keep yourself and the
environment healthy.
Some fish may contain harmful chemicals, which can be the result of both natural causes and water
pollution. Mercury is a poisonous chemical, which occurs naturally in oceans and the Earth"s crust, but
also comes from manmade sources, such as pesticides, burning garbage, and the releasing of fossil fuels.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a group of chemicals, can also be found in some fish. These
dangerous manmade chemicals were used in many industries until 1977, when they were banned. PCBs
were released or leaked into the air and water and have been transported around the globe.
How do mercury and PCBs end up in fish and the food supply? When they are released into the air,
they attach themselves to particles. These particles settle on the ground and in the water and are
eventually eaten by microscopic organisms. Small fish eat the microorganisms, and large fish eat the small
fish and on up the food chain.
Because they can negatively affect your health, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency advises
that kids younger than 15 years old avoid fish that contain high levels of mercury and PCBs. These
include shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish.
There are also many types of fish that are good for you, but because of overfishing are in danger of
being wiped out. Some are being fished in the wild so much that they cannot reproduce fast enough to
survive. Others are being farmed in ways that are not environmentally friendly. These fish include red
snapper, Atlantic salmon, blue fin tuna, and king crab.
Despite these problems, there are several fish that are both healthy and sustainable, such as Alaskan
salmon, American catfish, Pacific cod, and several farmraised fish and shellfish.
【文章大意】 鱼虽富含蛋白质, 但本文却建议小孩子不要吃鱼以及说明了其中的原因.
B. Mercury and PCBs-particles-organisms-fish-food supply
C. Mercury and PCBs-particles-fish-organisms-food supply
D. Mercury and PCBs-organisms-ground and water-fish-food supply
B. particles
C. microscopic organisms
D. mercury and PCBs
B. King crab;king mackerel;Pacific cod.
C. Pacific cod;Alaskan salmon;American catfish.
D. Pacific cod;Atlantic salmon;swordfish.
B. overfishing is the main cause of fish poisoning
C. most types of fish can be safely raised on fish farms
D. the government should ban children under 15 from eating fish
B. if you want to be more environmentally friendly, eat less fish
C. PCBs were not allowed to be used in food industry before 1977
D. adults might be less affected by high chemical levels in fish
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