worldwide, according to a new study.
Scientists noted these types of atmospheric blasts rather than ontheground incidents like Chernobyl
(切尔诺贝利), effected birth gender across the globe.
Scientists at Helmholtz Zentrum M?nchen, Germany, analysed population data from 1975 to 2007 for
the U. S. and 39 European countries.
There was an increase in the number of baby boys relative to girls in all of the countries from 1964 to
1975. This was the case in many eastern European countries for several years after 1986.
Scientists are putting the first spike down to the atomic bomb tests of the 1960s and 1970s where
radioactive atoms were blasted into the atmosphere. Air currents caught these atoms and then distributed
them around the world.
They think the second spike is due to the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in which the reactor exploded in
the Ukraine(乌克兰).
The effects of Chernobyl were felt locally and no effect was seen in the U. S., probably because it was
too far from the disaster to have an effect.
"The closer the country was to Chernobyl, the stronger the effect, " said study coauthor Hagen Scherb, a biostatistician(生物统计学家) at the German Research Center for Environmental Health in Munich.
More males were born relative to females in Belarus-the Ukraine"s neighbour-than in France.
The study is based largely on Cold Warera statistics, but the findings are highly relevant for how gender could be affected after future nuclear disasters.
And in the wake of Japan"s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident experts are predicting
another baby boy boom could come, especially on the U. S. West Coast.
Previous radiation experiments on animals may give a clue for the increase in male births. Tests showed that radiation caused damage to the X chromosome(染色体) in sperm, Dr Scherb said.
A human sperm cell contains either an X or Y chromosome, while an egg only has an X chromosome. An XY combination will become a boy, while an XX combination will be a girl.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
B. There was an increase in the number of baby boys in many eastern European countries
for several years after 1986.
C. The Japan"s nuclear accident will not effect the birth gender of the U. S. because of the long distance.
D. Where radioactive material has spread, women can"t give birth to children
B. It stops X chromosomes and Y chromosomes combining.
C. It kills baby girls before they are born.
D. It damages the X chromosome in sperm.
B. Nuclear radiation has bad effects upon people"s health.
C. Worries about radiation risks.
D. Nuclear age helps reduce the world population.
way of life. Yet the influence of Native American culture is still felt throughout the United
States.Many of the foods commonly eaten in the United States today were first grown by
American Indians. Among these foods are corn, white and sweet potatoes, peanuts, pumpkins,
tomatoes, and certain beans and berries. Native Americans also discovered ways to use
herbs and other plants as medicines.
Native American inventions, such as canoes, ponchos and parkas(风雪衣),
hammocks(吊床)and snowshoes are still in use today. Other marks of Indian culture
were left in American place names. The state of Alaska, for example, takes its name from
a Native American word meaning“great land”.
Today nearly 1.5 million Native Americans live in the United States. Some still preserve
the ways of their ancestors, speaking Indian languages and keeping alive their legends,
art forms, and customs. Other Native Americans keep few of the old ways, but remain
proud of their people’s contributions to American history.
Americans have come to appreciate the beauty of Indian crafts(工艺). Many artists
find inspiration in traditional Indian designs. Many Indian values, too, have become widely
held. Americans today believe that the land, air and water are precious resources (资源)
that must be carefully protected. As one government official wrote recently:We have
slowly come back to some of the truths that the Indians knew from the beginning. People
need to learn from nature, to keep an ear to the earth, and to refill their spirits in frequent
contacts with animals and wild land.
B. People born and living in America.
C. American Indians.
D. Ancestors of Americans.
B. Ancient Indian medicines.
C. Native American inventions.
D. I ndian languages. .
B. creative ideas
C. power
D. good advice
B. Native Americans are still making contributions to American history.
C. The resources offered by nature should be carefully protected.
D. Native Americans knew the truths long before Americans do today
Canyonlands National Park is a famous tourist attraction in Utah where visitors can see
arches (拱门) and other beautiful rock formations.
Canyonlands National Park is a wild,lonely area of rocks,rivers and desert plants.Only
Native Americans,cowboys,and explorers entered this area before the park was set up in
1964.Even today,it is difficult to walk or ride through the park.The roads are still made of
dirt.Driving requires a special vehicle.The National Park Service says Canyon-lands
National Park is wild America.
Rivers created the area as they cut rocks into many different formations.At the center
of the park are two deep canyons carved by the Green and Colorado Rivers.Three areas
that surround these rivers are included in the park.
One of these areas is called the Maze District.This area includes rock art made by people
who lived there more than 2,000 years ago.Yet many people today cannot see the Maze
District because it is so difficult to reach.The area is one of the loneliest and wildest areas in
the United States.
Another area of the park is called the Needles.It includes long,thin,red and white rocks
that reach high into the air like fingers on a hand.
A good way to see all the areas of Canyonlands National Park is to fly over it.A one
hour trip in a small airplane makes it possible to see the park"s red rocks,arches and flat
areas where ancient Indian people once lived.
From high in the air,visitors can clearly see the third area of the park-a high broad flat
rock known as the Island in the Sky.The island was formed between the two rivers.
Another interesting formation is called the Upheaval Dome.This is a huge hole about four
hundred and fifty meters deep and one point five kilometers wide.It is considered to be the
most unusual geological (地质的) structure in the area.
B.The park today still remains as it was in the past.
C.There is no access for people to get close to it.
D.A variety of wild animals and plants grow in it.
B.It is known to the outside world.
C.Its rock art dates back over 2,000 years.
D.It is the loneliest and wildest place in the US.
B.The Needles is named after the rocks in the shape of needles.
C.Canyonlands National Park has a history of about 2,000 years.
D.The Green and Colorado Rivers divide the park into three parts.
B.by land
C.by water
D.on foot
B.The flat areas.
C.The Island in the Sky.
D.The Upheaval Dome.
There are many differences between British English and American English.I used to teach a course
about the differences between the two.We speak English on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean but we
have many differences in our common language.We have examples of the same words having very
different meanings, differing spellings of the same words as well as completely different words for the
same things.Here are some examples.
A cookie in the US is called a biscuit in the UK.A biscuit in the US is a small cake in the UK.Crisps
in the UK, are known as chips, but we British people eat a plate of chips that you call fries in the US.In
the UK, a pie can be made from either meat or fruit, while in the US pies are normally made from fruit;
pot pies are made from meat.Most things are measured in grams and kilograms in the US, not pounds
and ounces.
One very obvious (明显的) difference is the side of the road we each choose to drive on.Petrol in
the UK is gas in the US.The place where we fill up our cars, in the UK, is a garage;while in the US, it"s
a gas station.The term garage is also used as a place to store your car next to or close by your house.In
the UK we call a lorry what is known as a truck in the US.
An elevator in the US is called a lift here, and the first floor in the US, is called the ground floor here,
so many visitors get off on the wrong floor in British hotels.
I could continue with this.There are countless examples of differences within our one shared language.With so many differences, no wonder it"s hard to understand each other well.
B. grammar
C. sound
D. spelling
B. a cook from the US
C. a teacher from the UK
D. a gas station worker from the UK
B. the same words in the two different types of English may have different spellings
C. there will be fewer differences between American and British English in the future
D. it is impossible that some Americans get off on the wrong floor in British hotels
B. Pies mean the same thing in the UK and the US.
C. In the UK, things are measured in pounds and ounces.
D. British and American people drive on the same side of the road.
B. Fries in the US are chips in the UK.
C. A cookie in the US is a biscuit in the UK.
D. A gas station in the UK is a garage in the US.
By the end of the seventeenth century, when newspapers were beginning to be read by more people, printed materials became an important way to promote products and services.The London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising.This was so successful that by the end of the century several companies started businesses for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchants.
Advertising spread quickly throughout the eighteenth century.Ad writers were starting to pay more attention to the design of the ad text.Everything,from clothes to drinks,was promoted with clever methods such as repetition of the firm"s name or product,words organized in eyecatching patterns,the use of pretty pictures and expressions easy to remember.
Near the end of the nineteenth century,companies that were devoted to the production of ads came to be known as"advertising agencies(广告商)."The agencies developed new ways to get people to think of themselves as members of a group.Throughout the twentieth century,advertising agencies promoted consumerism(消费主义)as a way of life,spreading the belief that people could be happy only if they bought the "right" products.
B.Ad messages were shouted out in public places.
C.Product information was included in books.
D.Ad signs were put up in towns.
B.Including pictures in ads.
C.Selling goods in markets.
D.Working with ad agencies.
B.printing materials
C.advertising companies
D.attractive designs
B.The Value of Advertising Designs
C.The Role of Newspaper Advertising
D.The Development of Printing for Advertising
able to share their talents, and where people are able to celebrate and enjoy themselves. Since its
beginning in 1980, the Edmonton Folk Music Festival has been commemorating(纪念) the true
feeling of what folk music is all about and that"s the traditional togetherness(友爱) that is felt when
people gather to share stories and feelings through song.
This year will be the sixth year when volunteer Riedel will be offering up her time to the festival. "
People coming off a busy spring and summer have a moment of relaxation," Riedel said. "It"s really
easy to relax, and it"s great seeing family and friends have fun together." These families and friends
come from all different kinds of musical tastes. People who take pleasure in Blues are there, so are
people who love Bluegrass. This festival does its best to develop everyone"s musical interests.
With so many years of experience, the festival has become a welloiled machine, and does whatever
it can to make attendees feel as comfortable as possible. There are free water stations throughout
the venue(举办地)for people to fill up their travel cups. When people buy food, reusable dishes are
given a $2 plate fee, but that is returned when the plate is brought back.
The festival has completely sold out of tickets, and in record time. But with big names such as
Van Morrison and Jakob Dylan, it"s easy to see how that was going to happen. There is no parking
area during the festival, so using the Park & Ride system or Edmonton Transit is highly recommended.
A bike lockup area is provided and will be available Thursday until Sunday one hour before the gates
open until 45 minutes after the gates close.
The Edmonton Folk Music Festival begins on Wednesday, Aug. 4 with Van Morrison playing the
special donation fund(基金) concert, and will finish up on Sunday, Aug. 8.
B. remind people of the real sense of folk music
C. exhibit the good voices of great talents in folk music
D. collect old stories of folk music
B. It"s hard for people to appreciate Blues.
C. It costs people a little to fill up their cups from water stations.
D. People have to pay $2 for a plate of food.
B. the Edmonton Folk Music Festival is well organized
C. driving one"s own car to the festival is highly recommended
D. bikes are available at the festival from Wednesday to Sunday
B. One Festival for All
C. Festival for Family Gathering
D. Edmonton"s Downtown Park
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