combination of savings,income,scholarships,and a modest amount of borrowing.Then her husband lost his
job,and the plan fell apart.
"I have two kids in college,and I want to say"come home",but at the same time I want to provide them
with a good education,"says Jacobs.
The Jacobs family did work out a solution:They asked and received more aid from the schools,and each
son increased his borrowing to the maximum amount through the federal loan(贷款)program.They will
each graduate with$20,000 of debt,but at least they will be able to finish school.
With unemployment rising,financial aid administrators expect to hear from more families like the
Jacobses.More students are applying for aid,and more families expect to need student loans.College
administrators are concerned that they will not have enough aid money to go around.
At the same time,tuition(学费)continues to rise.A report from the National Center for Public Policy and
Higher Education found that college tuition and fees increased 439% from 1982 to 2007,while average
family income rose just 147%.Student borrowing has more than doubled in the last decade.
"If we go on this way for another 25 years,we won"t have an affordable system of higher education,"says
Patrick M．Callan,president of the center."The middle class families have been financing it through debt.
They will send kids to college whatever it takes,even if that means a huge amount of debt."
Financial aid administrators have been having a hard time as many companies decide that student loans
are not profitable enough and have stopped making them.The good news,however,is that federal loans
account for about three quarters of student borrowing,and the government says that money will flow
uninterrupted.
B．The father was out of work.
C．Their savings ran out.
D．The family fell apart.
B．They borrowed $20,000 from the schools.
C．They encouraged their twin sons to do parttime jobs.
D．They got help from the schools and the federal government.
B．the government will receive more letters of complaint
C．college tuition fees will double soon
D．America"s unemployment will fall
B．Their income remained steady in the last decade.
C．They will try their best to send kids to college.
D．Their debts will be paid off within 25 years.
B．dismiss some financial aid administrators
C．stop the companies from making student loans
D．go on providing financial support for college students
Officials say 100 million more could go hungry this year because of the food and financial crises.
To deal with the situation, the UN World Food Program has started a project to help small farmers.
These farmers are mainly women. Many cannot produce enough food even to feed and support their own
families.
The new effort is called Purchase for Progress, or P4P.It aims to connect local farmers with
dependable markets. That way, they could get a chance to sell their surplus (剩余) at competitive prices.
P4P will be tested in as many as 21 countries during the next five years.
The biggest contributor to the project is Bill Gates, through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Another donor (捐款者) is the Howard Buffett Foundation, led by a son of the American investor
Warren Buffett. The government of Belgium is also supporting the project in a former colony (殖民地),
now the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Together these donors have provided more than 76 million dollars for projects in Africa and Central
America.
Purchase for Progress will work with United Nations agencies, governments and nongovernmental
organizations to help increase crop production. The World Bank Group and other partners are to help
train farmers in better crop management and marketing skills.
The World Food Program says it expects to buy 40,000 tons of food in the first year using methods
carried out by the project. That will be enough to feed 250,000 people.
P4P is expected to develop food cooperatives and longterm agreements for buying corn, wheat and
other food crops. About 350,000 farmers could be assisted.
Officials say the project will change the way the World Food Program buys food in developing
countries. Executive Director Josette Sheeran says this is the first time her agency will buy a large
amount of food from small farmers. The agency has traditionally bought most of its food from
developing countries, but through larger trading organizations.
1. From the passage, we know that________.
A. in all 900 million people worldwide lack food
B. a project has been started to help women farmers
C. there are only two donors to help the project
D. some farmers still cannot support their families
2. According to the passage, ________will work hard to deal with the situation.
A. the United Nations
B. the combined efforts
C. some governments
D. some nongovernmental organizations
3. Which of the following will NOT be done to help small farmers?
A. To donate money.
B. To reform the way of food purchase.
C. To provide them with food.
D. To buy a large amount of food from them.
4. What"s the best title for this passage?
A. Project to Help Small Farmers
B. Contribution to Small Farmers
C. Food Problems
D. P4P Is Being Carried Out
When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no
other witnesses. This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect.
The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine "Kitty"
Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964. Early in the morning,
28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she
was attacked and stabbed (刺) by a man later identified as Winston Moseley. Despite Genovese"s
repeated cries for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her
cries called police for help. The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first
contacted police.
Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans. As the conclusion,
the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments.
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much
pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those
present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other
observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not
appropriate.
Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous
(not clear). In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers" quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
1. The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because a woman surnamed Genovese.
A. its discovery resulted from the murder of
B. it somehow caused the murder of
C. it was actually discovered by
D. it always makes people think of
2. It"s likely that the neighbors didn"t offer help because__________.
A. They believed in the bystander effect.
B. They knew Genovese and Moseley well.
C. They were afraid of the murderer.
D. They thought someone else might help.
3. Before deciding to offer help, observers may , according to the psychologists.
A. wait for sort of a signal
B. want to be sure it"s appropriate to react
C. hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt
D. wonder if the victim is worth helping
4. The article seems to suggest that, if there had been observers, Genovese might not have been
murdered.
A. no
B. braver
C. more
D. fewer
everyday speakers? One expert points out that the percentage of native English speakers is declining
(降低) while the languages of other rapidly growing regions are being spoken by increasing numbers of
people. But English will continue to remain widespread and important.
However, British language scholar David Graddol says English will probably drop in dominance(主导)
by the middle of this century to rank, after Chinese, about equally with Arabic, Hindi, and Urdu. "The
number of people speaking English as a first language continues to rise, but it isn"t rising nearly as fast as the
numbers of many other languages around the world, simply because the main population group has been
largely in the less developed countries where languages other than English have been spoken," he says.
In a recent article in the journal Science, Mr. Graddol noted that three languages that are not near the
top of the list of the most widely spoken now might be there soon. These are Bengali, Tamil and Malay,
spoken in south and southeast Asia.
David Crystal, the author of The Cambridge Encyclopedia(百科全书) of the English Language, says
about 1.5 billion of the world"s six billion people speak it as a second tongue compared to the 400 million
native speakers. But another expert on the English language says Mr. Graddol underestimates (低估) the
future of its dominance. "All the evidence suggests that the English language snowball is rolling down a hill
and is getting faster, but nobody quite knows what"s going to happen because no language has been in this
position before." He said.
B. be more important than any other language
C. lose its dominant position
D. die away in the near future.
B. the English language snowball is rolling down faster than any time in the past
C. the English language will soon drop in dominance
D. more and more language user will choose English
B. Arabic.
C. Urdu.
D. German
B. The Future of English? Who Knows?
C. Opinions from Different Experts
D. The English Language Snowball Rolling Down
High unemployment is the biggest threat to the global recovery,the head of the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) warned.Dominique StraussKahn,the IMF"s managing director,warned
against selfsatisfaction as he pointed out "we are still in a crisis" in spite of the improving
economic conditions.The key to steady growth of economy,he said,would be jobs.
"A year ago,my worry was a recovery without jobs.This is now certainly a recovery with
not enough jobs,"he said."For_the_young,there_is_now_a_risk_that_will_turn_into_a_life_
sentenee."
Britain is one of several developed nations facing high levels of joblessness.Total
unemployment is running at 7.8%,but one in five 16 to 24year olds is out of work and the
percentage is still rising,according to the Office for National Statistics.In Italy,youth
unemployment is running at about 30% and at 43% in Spain.The US announced a 27,000
increase in a weekly unemployment report on Thursday,and unemployment is running at 8.8%.
Mentioning the disturbing state in the Middle East and North Africa,he added,"Inclusive
growth-sharing the benefits of economic growth fairly,not enough of which is a threat to that
growth,is very important.We have to care about more inclusive growth.We need more than
growth；we need active policies."Mr.StraussKahn said there was "more focus on
unemployment and unfairness" in the IMF.
Rising food prices also hold back the global recovery,both Mr.StraussKahn and World
Bank President Robert Zoellick warned.Mr.Zoellick said food prices were in the "danger
zone",pushing 44 millon people into poeverty.Rising prices have been driven by the changing
diet of the rising middle classes in new markets.The problem is being "made worse" by
businessmen and traders.
He also mentioned some countries" food investment policies.An Asian country has bought
huge areas of fields in Africa to grow enough food to feed its growing middle class.
B．be satisfied and pleased with the achievements
C．find methods to deal with high unemployment rates
D．improve working conditions to protect their workers
B．There will be more young people breaking the law in the future.
C．The government"s law and rules are too long for the young.
D．It will be a long time before there are enough jobs for the young.
B．show that the unemployment rate of the young is high
C．remind the young to work hard to fight against the crisis
D．encourage other countries to help them go through the crisis
B．Global recovery is also influenced by rising food prices.
C．Unemployment problems only exist in developing countries.
D．The high unemployment is caused by rising food prices.
B．The poverty of the developing countries in North Africa.
C．The IMF"s determination to take control of food prices.
D．The ways used by the IMF to cut down food prices.
__________________________________________________________________________
Parents often say,"I don"t understand why my child is acting this way.We"ve given him everything in
the world,and he just wants more.He"s never happy.He doesn"t enjoy what he has."
For some reason,we often feel that if we give our child everything he wants to keep him happy,he
should behave the way we want him to.An important part of meeting children"s emotional(情感的)needs
is to set limits often and firmly in a loveing way.Pardnts who learn to set limits in a loving way set them
more often because they don"t have to wait until they"ve "had it up to here" to do so.
A therapeutic(治疗的)way of setting limits is called ACT:Acknowledge the feeling,communicate the
limit,and target the choice.Necessarily,you"re saying to the child,"I understand how you feel.It"s OK to
feel that way,but you can"t act that way when you feel like that.You can act this way when you feel like
that." It"s also important to communicate this message in a loving way,not an angry way.
Using ACT limitsetting teaches children to cope with their emotions and to find appropriate behavioral
expressions that don"t hurt the children themselves.It can also be used to teach children to delay
gratification(满意)．Here are some examples of how it works.If your child wants a toy when you"re at
the store and you don"t want to buy it,you can say,(A)"You love that toy and want it right now,(C)but
we"re not spending any money on toys today.(T)You can put it on your wish list for birthday or Christmas."
Using this technique,you"ll learn to set reasonable limits that work.If you set limits too severely,you"re
also more likely to give in,because you feel guilty.If you don"t follow through with a consequence or you
make one that"s too severe,you teach your child not to trust you.
Parents often say,"I don"t understand why my child is acting this way.We"ve given him everything in
the world,and he just wants more.He"s never happy.He doesn"t enjoy what he has."
For some reason,we often feel that if we give our child everything he wants to keep him happy,he should
behave the way we want him to.An important part of meeting children"s emotional(情感的)needs is to
set limits often and firmly in a loveing way.Pardnts who learn to set limits in a loving way set them more
often because they don"t have to wait until they"ve "had it up to here" to do so.
A therapeutic(治疗的)way of setting limits is called ACT:Acknowledge the feeling,communicate the
limit,and target the choice.Necessarily,you"re saying to the child,"I understand how you feel.It"s OK to feel that way,but you can"t act that way when you feel like that.You can act this way when you feel like that." It"s also important to communicate this message in a loving way,not an angry way.
Using ACT limitsetting teaches children to cope with their emotions and to find appropriate behavioral
expressions that don"t hurt the children themselves.It can also be used to teach children to delay
gratification(满意)．Here are some examples of how it works.If your child wants a toy when you"re at
the store and you don"t want to buy it,you can say,(A)"You love that toy and want it right now,(C)but
we"re not spending any money on toys today.(T)You can put it on your wish list for birthday or Christmas."
Using this technique,you"ll learn to set reasonable limits that work.If you set limits too severely,you"re also more likely to give in,because you feel guilty.If you don"t follow through with a consequence or you make
one that"s too severe,you teach your child not to trust you.
B. children"s emotions are hard to meet
C. parents don"t understand children at all
D. children are the real burden to parents
B. children act the way we want them to
C. children should be thankful to us
D. children should still do what they like
with him?
B. You can play with her tomorrow.
C. But Lucy has to do her homework now.
D. Tom,you shall not disturb Lucy.
B. behave very seriously
C. make efforts to be angry
D. try to make children satisfied
B. The advantages of ACT technique.
C. The way to deal with children.
D. The introduction of ACT technique.
- 1下图的“巴黎公社社员墙”，承载着公社战士们至死不渝的革命信念。这种革命信念源自[ ]A．《权利法案》 B．《
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- 1关于地球同步通讯卫星，下列说法中不正确的是（ ）A．它一定在赤道上空运行B．各国发射的这种卫星轨道半径都一样C．它运行
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