题目
题型：吉林省期中题难度：来源：
away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can
defend (保护) themselves by using both physical and chemical means.
Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leaves of the holly plant
have sharp spines (刺) that discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more
spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to
reach.
Some plants, such as the oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some
grasses may contain a sandy material; eating such grasses wears down the animal"s teeth.
Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an
unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar (毛虫) bites a tobacco leaf, the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The higher levels of nicotine discourage the
caterpillar.
Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant in China, for instance,
has prickly (多刺的) leaves, and each prickle contains poisonous venom (毒液) A single experience with
this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future.
B. physical means
C. bitter chemicals
D. sandy materials
B. Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.
C. Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.
D. Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.
B. How Plants Defend Themselves
C. Attacks and Defenses
D. How Animals Eat Plant Leaves
答案
核心考点
试题【阅读理解。 Animals can move from place to place, but plants cannot. When an anima】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
researching something with so few obvious benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather
than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup (基因构成) as human beings. What drove our
ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? The
wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring
space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.
Nearly every successful civilization(文明) has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in
surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely
destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen its effects.
Exploration also allows minerals and other potential (潜在的) resources to be found. Even if we have
no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. Resources may be more than physical
possessions(物质财产). Knowledge or techniques have been gained through exploration. The
techniques may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have
already benefited from other spin-offs including improvements in earthquake prediction, in satellites for
weather forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are
by-products (副产品) of technological developments in the space industry!.
While many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows
creative, brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us. While
space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also
holds dangers. The danger exists, but knowledge can help human being to survive. Without the ability to
reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to support life, surely the adaptive(适应的) ability of humans
would allow us to live on other planets. It is true that the lifestyle would be different, but human life and
cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future.
B. To compare different ideas.
C. To introduce points for discussion.
D. To describe the conditions on Earth.
B. Humans have the tendency to fight.
C. Humans may find new sources of food.
D. Humans don"t like to stay in the same place.
B. potential resources
C. unexpected benefits
D. physical possessions
B. Resources on the earth.
C. The adaptive ability of humans.
D. By-products in space exploration.
B. Space exploration provided the best value for money.
C. Space exploration can benefit science and technology.
D. The Exploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth.
different from their sharing partner, and yet all live easier lives because of each other. It is nature"s
idea of sharing.
An example of this is the shark and pilot fish. The pilot fish is a little guy and he would be
helpless if he hung around by himself in the great ocean. But his smartness makes up for his size.
He cleverly swims along beside the shark and when the shark eats, the pilot fish gets the leftovers.
The shark also benefits from this relationship. The pilot fish cleans food scraps (碎屑) and insects
from the shark"s skin.
Another example is the sea anemone (海葵) and striped clown fish. The sea anemone looks
like a flower but contains poisonous cells. When small fish swim into it, the anemone traps and
paralyzes (使麻痹) them. However, the striped clown fish is able to swim into the poisonous
anemone without being harmed. To pay for his safety, the clown fish brings food to the anemone.
He also guides other fish into the anemone"s deadly trap.
Large mammals such as the ox, antelope and African buffalo form such a relationship with the
oxpecker. They provide daily meals to the bird that eats insects. The various large mammals act
as a restaurant with a varied menu for the oxpecker. What do they get in return from the bird?
Free beauty treatments!
Some plants live together in a beneficial relationship. Fungus (菌类) does not have chlorophyll
(叶绿素) that plants need to make food. However, the green alga (海藻) does contain chlorophyll.
It is, therefore, able to feed the fungus along with itself. But nothing is free! The fungus repays it
by protecting the alga. Since it takes in and stores water, it can provide the alga with an unending
water supply.
B. To help the shark to get food.
C. To get food and protection.
D. To find some insects.
B. leads other fish into the anemone
C. harms other fish with poison
D. protects the anemone"s cells
B. They are mostly seen near restaurants.
C. They stay away from large mammals.
D. They feed on small insects.
B. Places where sharing exists.
C. The relationship of living things.
D. Animals that depend on each other.
reader" software, but two blind computer programmers from Australia have solved this problem.
Queensland University of Technology (QUT) graduate James Teh and business partner
Michael Curran developed a free, open-source program, called NVDA, which provides a voice
to read the words on a computer screen as the cursor moves over them. NVDA won the blind
inventors an award in the grand final program of the ABC"s New Inventors, which aired on
September 23. They took home the award for an invention that "might make a real difference
to people"s lives or the environment."
"A sighted person takes for granted that they can sit down at any computer and use it," Mr
Teh said. "We really are in the information age - everything is online these days. So access to
computers for the blind is very important, which is why we wanted our software to be free."
Mr Teh, who majored in software engineering at QUT, said blind students typically didn"t
have the money to purchase "screen reader" technology, at the time in their life when they most
needed it. Now NVDA could be downloaded on to anyone"s personal computer free of charge.
"It can also be copied to a USB stick, which can be used on any PC at school or university,
with no installation required," he said.
Mr Teh and Mr Curran have drawn on their own experience as blind computer users to
develop a product which has some unique features. For example, as the mouse moves up and
down the screen, a sound becomes higher and lower to let you know where the cursor is located.
NVDA has been translated into 27 languages, thanks to volunteer translators. To date, there
have been over 50,000 downloads.
Mr Teh and Mr Curran have been working on the project since 2006. They worked on their
product without any pay for two years. When Mozilla offered some funding in 2008, Mr Teh
was able to quit his day job and work full-time developing NVDA.
B. influences people" s lives
C. is aiming at blind people
D. is easy to use
B. They belonged to a volunteer group.
C. They wanted to help the blind.
D. They wanted people to give up "screen reader" software.
B. They are good at translating.
C. They know how the blind feel.
D. They began to develop NVDA in 2008.
You need a photo ID, your instructor"s name, a pencil or pen, a calculator, etc.
2. How will I know about time limits?
Students will be informed of any testing time limits, and notified when time is up.
3. If I have my books or backpack, does the Test Center have a place to store them while I"m
testing?
Yes. Students will be asked to leave all books, backpacks, purses and any other personal items in a
lockable storage room.
4. The only time I can take a test is during lunch. Can I eat my lunch while I am testing?
No food or drink are allowed in the Test Center.
5. I conduct business via a pager(寻呼机) or cell phone. Will I be allowed to use them in the
Test Center?
No. all pagers and cell phones must be turned off before entering the Test Center. There are other
students testing who may be distracted by these devices.
6. If I need to borrow more scratch paper(草稿纸) am I allowed to borrow from another student
in the Test Center?
Ask the teacher and more material will be given. Talking is not permitted in the Test Center. You will
give all scratch paper to the teacher at the end of the test.
7. If I start a test but don"t finish it, can I come back the next day to finish it?
If you have prior(在先的) arrangements with your instructor you may continue a test the next day.
Students are expected to complete their test before closing time of the Test Center. Depending on the
test, most tests will not be given within one hour of closing time.
B. to use your cell phone
C. to leave your purse on the desk
D. to ask for more scratch paper
B. should get help from your instructor
C. can continue it the next day by prior arrangement
D. can take the paper out of the center
B. Useful suggestions on different kinds of tests
C. General requirements for students to have tests
D. Brief introduction to the Test Center
yawning with him, though you"re not tired.
This phenomenon confused scientists for years until a recent study found that people tend to
sympathize with fellow humans. Supporting this claim was the discovery that those children who were
unable to form normal emotional ties with others did not experience contagions (有感染力的) yawning,
which showed that humans communicate regularly without words.
Hogo Critchley, a neuroscientist, has conducted an experiment recently, which will prove that
happiness and sadness can spread like the common cold. According to Critchley, our mind and body
are in constant exchange about how we"re feeling. "Emotions are closely linked with states of internal (内
部的)responses, "he explained. "There are also more visible changes in our gesture and facial expressions. When we"re in a group, these signals can spread to another person. For example, there"s the obvious
tendency to smile when smiled at and there are less obvious changes that reflect emotions of surprise,
anger or sadness such as a change in our heart rate and blood pressure. "
Hugo Critchley further explained, "Our bodies synchronize and when we like the other person, we
even copy his behivour. Next time you chat with a friend, take note of how you"re sitting-it"s pretty likely
that you will be the same. Scientists believe it"s our way of telling each other that we"re partners. Through
body language, humans give each other very subtle (微妙的) but clear signals that show emotions. "
So, what lessons can we learn from this? "Spend time with happy people-otherwise your health could
suffer, " said Critchley. "When we"re sad, our body goes into fight or flight mode. But when we"re happy,
our body works normally and we feel relaxed and positive. So we look bright, our skin glows, we feel
healthy and it affects everyone around us. "
B. we yawn more frequently when we have a cold
C. emotions are connected with states of internal responses
D. the change of blood pressure is not linked with the change of emotions
B. change rapidly
C. relax temporarily
D. respond accordingly
B. anger is less contagious than friendliness
C. surprise is more contagious than smile
D. surprise is the most contagious among emotions
B. Children like copying the actions of the fellow humans.
C. Scientists are still confused about contagious yawning.
D. People tend to communicate more with body language.
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