题目
题型:不详难度:来源:
But the new research, published in the journal Frontiers In Evolutionary Psychology, points out that serotonin is like a chemical Swiss Army knife, performing a very wide range of jobs in the brain and body. And when we start changing serotonin levels purposely, it may cause a wide range of unwanted effects. These can include digestive problems and even early deaths in older people, according to the study"s lead researcher Paul Andrews. “ We need to be much more cautious about use of these drugs,” says Andrews, an assistant professor of evolutionary psychology at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.
Previous research has suggested that the drugs provide little benefit for most people with mild depression, and actively help only a few of the most severely depressed. Famous psychologist Irving Kirsch has found that for many patients, SSRIs are no more effective than a placebo pill. A research in 2010 on Danish children found a small, but significant, increase in the risk of heart problems among babies whose mothers had used SSRIs in early pregnancy. The key to understanding these side-effects is serotonin, says Andrews. Serotonin is also the reason why patients can often end up feeling still more depressed after they have finished a course of SSRI drugs. He argues that SSRI antidepressants disturb the brain, leaving the patient an even greater depression than before.
“After long use, when a patient stops taking SSRIs, the brain will lower its levels of serotonin production,” he says, adding that it also changes the way receptors in the brain respond to serotonin, making the brain less sensitive to the chemical. These changes are believed to be temporary, but studies indicate that the effects may continue for up to two years.
Most disturbingly of all, Andrews" review features three recent studies which, he says , show that elderly antidepressant users are more likely to die earlier than non-users, even after taking other important variables into account. One study, published in the British Medical Journal last year, found patients given SSRIs were more than 4 per cent more likely to die in the next year than those not on the drugs.
“Serotonin is an ancient chemical,” says Andrews. “It is regulating many different processes, and when you disturb these things, you can expect that it is going to cause some harm.”
Stafford Lightman, professor of medicine at the University of Bristol, and a leading UK expert in brain chemicals and hormones, says Andrews’ review highlights some important problems, yet it should also be taken with a pinch of salt. “This report is doing the opposite of what drug companies do,” he says. “Drug companies selectively present all the positives in their research, while this search selectively presents all the negatives that can be found. Nevertheless, Andrews" study is useful in that it is always worth pointing out that there is a downside to any medicine. ” Professor Lightman adds that there is still a great deal we don"t know about SSRIs-not least what they actually do in our brains.
When it comes to understanding why the drugs work only for a limited part of patients, U.S. scientists think they might now have the answer. They think that in many depressed patients, it’s not only the lack of feel-good serotonin causing their depression, but also a failure in the area of the brain that produces new cells throughout our lives. This area, the hippocampus, is also responsible for regulating mood and memory. Research suggests that in patients whose hippocampus has lost the ability to produce new cells, SSRIs do not bring any benefit.
小题1:According to paragraph 2, serotonin, like a chemical Swiss Army knife, can .
A.make many patients" depression worse |
B.cause a wide range of unwanted effects |
C.affect human body and brain in various ways |
D.provide little benefit for most depressed people |
A.drug companies don"t know the negative effect of antidepressants |
B.Andrews focused on different things from the drug companies |
C.scientists have found what SSRIs do in the brain |
D.Andrews" research has no medical value |
A.They are used to increase the “feel-good” medical in the brain. |
B.They can work even when the hippocampus can"t produce new cells. |
C.They create a risk of heart problems in pregnant women. |
D.They are responsible for controlling mood and memory. |
A.The aim of drug companies |
B.The function of SSRIs |
C.The side-effects of antidepressants |
D.The cause of depression |
答案
小题1:C
小题2:B
小题3:A
小题4:C
解析
试题分析:抗忧郁的药物如Prozac在二十世纪初期被认为是灵丹妙药,能让人的抑郁心情变好。但是在近五年间,不断增加的科学证据表明这些药物只对一小部分人有效, 而且使许多病人的抑郁症更严重。这类抗抑郁的药物在很多方面都有不容忽视的副作用。如记忆力减退、药物依赖性、早亡等等。
小题1:细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句话的意思(一项新的研究指出血清素就像一个化学的瑞士军刀一样,对人的大脑和身体都有影响。)判断选C。
小题2:细节理解题。根据第七段的意思(Stafford Lightman说:Andrew的观点指出了一些重要的问题。但是还不够。这个报告和药物公司做的相反,药物公司只说好处,而Andrew说出了药物的副作用。)判断Andrew和药物公司的关注点不同。故选B。
小题3:推理判断题。SSRIs的副作用有:对严重绝望的一些人有效,病情轻微的人几乎没什么好处。而且有依赖性。停药后病情会加重。丹麦的孩子中,其母亲***早期用过此药的心脏病的发病率增加了。还会导致年老的人早亡。使人们不能再生产新的细胞,而这一区域还负责调节情绪和记忆。根据第一段最后一句的意思(这些药物旨在增加大脑中“感觉良好”的物质的量。)判断,选A。
小题4:主题归纳题。根据第一段的大意(近五年的科学证据表明:抗抑郁的药只对一小部分人有效, 而且使许多病人的抑郁症更严重。)判断,文章主要讲了对治疗忧郁症的药的副作用的新发现。故选C。
核心考点
试题【Antidepressant(抗忧郁)drugs such as Prozac were viewed in the early 1900"s as wonde】;主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
In the future, schools will teach at least one thing we do not teach today: the art of self-discovery. There is nothing more___1__in education. We turn out students from our universities who know how to give answers, but not how to___2__questions.
Our students do not really get into the centres of wisdom in our culture. They__3___ universities with skills for the workplace, but with no knowledge of how to live, or what___4__is for. They are not taught how to see. They are not taught how to listen. They are not taught the great___5__of obedience(遵守、服从).
They are not taught the true art of___6__. True reading is not just passing our__7___overwords on a page, or__8___information, or even understanding what is being read. True reading is a__9___act. It means seeing first, and then using the__10___. Higher reading ought to be a new subject. As we read, we should try to get something new. I meet people in all__11___of life, and most known in the fields of literature and science, who, though professionals, do not___12__read what is in front of them. They only read what is__13___known to them. I suspect this is happening now, even as you read this__14___.
All our innovations(革新), our discoveries, our__15___come from one source: being able first to see what is there, and what is not; to hear what is said, and what is not; but also to think clearly.
小题1: |
|
小题2: |
|
小题3: |
|
小题4: |
|
小题5: |
|
小题6: |
|
小题7: |
|
小题8: |
|
小题9: |
|
小题10: |
|
小题11: |
|
小题12: |
|
小题13: |
|
小题14: |
|
小题15: |
|
Various non-traditional education options are now available and continue to flourish(繁荣). One of the most important uses in education is the use of technology. Teachers are encouraged to use new technological devices in order to strengthen learning among students and meet the needs of various types of learners.
The right to education has been created and recognized by jurisdiction(司法). Education is the most important concern of the government of India. Recently India has gained world recognition because many students from foreign countries come here to gain higher qualifications.
One has to be educated in order to speed up the growth process in order to influence the economy. Education is indeed a powerful weapon to stop the cut- throat competition that man faces at every period of life. The importance of education in India is progressing with time. Although India has been a great foundation of learning for many years, it still needs to improve not just on the quality of education but also on the number of people being educated.
Education is not just for academic success but also to make a person become a better human being and a better performer in life. Education makes the students able enough, so that they can compete nationally and internationally. To make a student a successful survivor in life, the responsibility lies equally with the schools and the parents too. Selecting a good school is as important as choosing a suitable career option for a child. The goal of education is the advancement of knowledge and the dissemination of truth, it is education that gives us all the power and necessities of making a difference in any field.
People who are not educated have few opportunities to do what they want to do. Educated people become more responsible and informed citizens, and have a voice in politics and society. It allows people to be more productive by encouraging them to play responsible roles in terms of contributing to society.
小题1:Nowadays teachers are encouraged to ______.
A.study modern science and technology |
B.pass all knowledge to their students |
C.use non-traditional devices in class |
D.meet the needs of intelligent student first |
A.Indian education is among the best in the world now |
B.Indian is becoming more and more powerful now |
C.the right to education should be valued all over the world |
D.a lot of students in India are from other countries |
A.spread | B.ignorance | C.argument | D.question |
A.It has nothing to do with society |
B.It helps people to achieve what they want |
C.It has little effect on people’s physical ability |
D.It makes a poor man become rich |
A.The importance of education | B.The responsibility of education |
C.The development of education | D.The purpose of education |
We already know that Mars resembles the earth in many aspects: general size, presence of water, length of day, range of temperatures. These resemblances have caused many people to consider a centuries-long project: to terraform Mars. Terraforming means altering a planet’s surface so that Earth’s life forms can survive there. This concept, previously found only in science fiction is now being seriously considered by scientists.
Terraforming Mars is theoretically simple: add nitrogen and oxygen to the atmosphere; pump water to the surface; and add the earth’s plants and animals in the order in which they developed on Earth. But it will take at least 300 years.
Some people think that such a project is too huge for humans to undertake, but there are very good reasons to make the attempt. The earth now contains some 6 billion people, and no one has any idea of how many humans the earth can support. Our very existence and numbers are threatening many other species. We also have had some experience with terraforming our own planet: altering the landscape, the atmosphere and the climate. Currently terraforming earth has become a wiser activity as we try to control global warming, air and water pollution, and preserve some natural living places.
While the possibility of such a project is small, it is not impossible .Even if earth –bound societies come and go in the next 300 years, the project can continue through the work of the Mars settlers without the need for constant backing from the earth.
The future existence of all the people in our world may very well depend upon our ability to terraform Mars.
小题1:What would be the best title for this passage?
A.Terraforming Mars. | B.Saving the Earth |
C.Travelling to Mars. | D.A Newly-found Place |
A.Warming. | B.Changing. | C.Planting. | D.Building |
A.do some scientific research work |
B.find out its similarity to earth |
C.avoid the dying away of many other species |
D.find on Mars living place for the increasing human beings |
A.there are some resemblances between Earth and Mars. |
B.terraforming Mars is theoretically simple |
C.we have had some experience with terraforming our own planet: Earth |
D.the development of science and technology is very rapid |
A.Optimistic. | B.Negative |
C.Sceptical(怀疑的) | D.Objective. |
People who drank mostly fruit juice instead of sodas did not have the same risk, the study of 60,000 people in Singapore found.
“Sugar may be to blame but people who drink sweetened sodas regularly often have other poor health habits,” said Mark Pereira of the University of Minnesota, who led the study.
“The high levels of sugar in soft drinks may be increasing the level of insulin(胰岛素) in the body, which we think contributes to pancreatic cancer cell growth,” President said in a statement.
Writing in the journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, Pereira and his colleagues said they followed 60,524 men and women in the Singapore—Chinese Health Study for 14 years.
Over that time, 140 of the volunteers developed pancreatic cancer. Those who drank two or more sweetened soft drinks a week had an 87 percent higher risk of being among those who got pancreatic cancer.
Pereira said he believed the findings would apply elsewhere.
“Singapore is a wealthy country with excellent healthcare. Favorite pastimes(消遣) are eating and shopping, so the findings should apply to other western countries.” he said.
But Susan Mayne of the Yale Cancer Center at Yale University in Connecticut was cautious.
“Although this study found a risk, the finding was based on a relatively small number of cases and it remains unclear whether it was a causal(因果的) connection or not.” Said Mayne, who serves on thee board of the journal, which is published by the American Association for Cancer Research.
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest form of cancer, with 230,000 cases globally. In the United States, 37,680 people are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in a year and 34, 290 die of it.
小题1:We can infer from Pereira’s word that_________
A.the healthcare in Singapore should be greatly improved |
B.2 soft drinks a day are considered harmful to health |
C.87 out of 140 volunteers developed pancreatic cancer |
D.sugar might not be the only cause of pancreatic cancer. |
A.Satisfied | B.Doubtful | C.Worried | D.Hopeful |
A.The Deadliest Forms of Cancer |
B.Drink Fruit Juice Instead of Sodas |
C.A Study in University of Minnesota |
D.Sugary Soft Drinks Lead to Cancer |
China has been the most courageous country in building nuclear power, with the largest number of plants currently under construction. Nuclear power is facing a tough time in developed countries. The Japanese public is demanding the closure of all the country"s nuclear power plants. China is at the forefront of nuclear power development. But it has been forced into this position.
Rapid economic development coupled with improvements in people"s life both demand more electricity. It is impossible to exploit fossil resources forever as the supply of coal, oil and natural gas is limited. China has no choice but to develop nuclear power.
China must be the safest user of nuclear power. It should become a leading country in developing nuclear power technologies and increasing the world"s knowledge of nuclear power.
It needs to do at least two things. First, it needs to promote safety in nuclear power plants, based on the technologies of the West. The former Soviet Union, the US and Japan all had severe nuclear accidents, proving there are risks. China should try to remove these risks.
Second, China should establish effective communication mechanisms(机制)between the government, power plants and the public. It"s wrong to think the government can control every aspect of nuclear power plant construction.
The opposition to nuclear power program in developed countries has prevented them from building new plants, but they already have many. These governments are reluctant to close these plants despite strong opposition, because they cannot find better substitutes.
Nuclear power only occupies 1.8 percent of China"s current electricity grid(输电网), much lower than the proportion in many developed countries. China"s nuclear power plan should introduce the advantages of the technologies of other countries and also be creative in providing security. Its space technology is not the most advanced, but its launch safety measures have proven to be among the best.
China"s high-profile high-speed railway development has drawn a lot of controversy, as will the active attitude towards developing nuclear power. But China cannot just copy what the developed countries have done. The development of nuclear power must be unique to China and it must be a ground-breaking success. But now, the real test lies ahead.
小题1:In the third paragraph the writer focuses on ______.
A.the reason why China is to develop nuclear power |
B.the difficulty China has in developing nuclear power |
C.the measures China will take to develop nuclear power |
D.the benefits China will have by developing nuclear power |
A.Supportive. | B.Opposed. | C.Indifferent. | D.Objective. |
A.copy exactly what the developed countries have done |
B.depend entirely on domestic scientists and technologies |
C.avoid people’s involvement in nuclear power plant construction |
D.do everything in its power to guarantee safety in nuclear power plants |
A.It will be unique but can hardly pass too many tests. |
B.It will be full of controversy but carried out firmly. |
C.It will be on a smooth way to a ground-breaking success. |
D.It will receive much opposition from developed countries. |
最新试题
- 1补写出下列名篇名句中的空缺部分。(两题任选一题)(1)万里悲秋常作客,百年多病独登台。
- 2下面证明分子存在引力和斥力的实验中,哪个是错误的?( )A.两块铅块压紧以后能连成一块,说明存在引力B.固体、液体很难
- 3某地某天早上气温为22℃,中午上升了4℃,夜间又下降了10℃,那么这天夜间的气温是( )℃.
- 4【题文】依次填入句中横线处的词语,最恰当的—组是 ( )①十
- 5法国全民公决否决《欧盟宪法条约》后,法国总统希拉克就表示要改组拉法兰政府。2005年6月2日,正式任命德维尔潘为政府总理
- 6ClO2是一种***菌消毒效率高的水处理剂,实验室可通过以下反应制得:2KClO3+H2C2O4+H2SO4=2ClO2↑+
- 7中南半岛的地形特征是[ ]A.多盆地地形B.海拔较高,以高原为主C.山河相间,纵列分布D.地势平坦,起伏不大
- 8某商品的标价是1100元,打八折(按标价的80%)出售,仍可获利10%,则此商品的进价是﹙ ﹚元.
- 9下面是几位同学有关分子的讨论,其中错误的是( )A.酒精的挥发是由于酒精分子不断运动而扩散到空气里去的缘故B.任何物质
- 10针对新一轮房价的非理性上涨,2011年11月1日,国务院发出通知,要求实行更为严格的差别化住房信贷政策,房贷首付和利率均
热门考点
- 1二次函数y=ax2+bx+c(x∈R)的部分对应值如下表: x-3-2-101234y60-4-6-6-406
- 2把声音、图象等信号加载到高频电磁波上的过程,称为______.信号的调制方式有调幅信号和______两种方式.其中___
- 3近地面大气的热量主要来自( )A.大气逆辐射B.太阳辐射C.地面辐射D.大气辐射
- 4 除涉禽中的鹭、游禽中的鹈鹕和猛禽中部分鹰隼(这是些在树上筑粗陋大巢的鸟)外,编织巢几乎全部为雀形目鸟类所造。它们长于
- 5阅读下列材料,回答问题。(18分)材料一 和硕县位于天山南麓,南疆盆地东北部,年总日照时数为2 990小时,无霜期平均2
- 62008年2月27日,中共中央举行民主协商会,就深化行政管理体制和机构改革等向各民主党派、全国工商联和无党派人士通报情况
- 7下列各句中,没有语病的一项是(3分)()A.鉴于盗墓活动猖獗,西安市临潼区政府成立了专案组破案,抓获9名犯罪嫌疑人,因无
- 8The interviewer asked him _______ the murderer had used a gu
- 9设集合,,则 ( ) A.B.C.D.
- 10小明同学在做“探究物体的动能与什么因素有关”的实验中,设计了如图所示的实验方案,并进行了以下三步实验操作:步骤一:让铁球