题目
题型：不详难度：来源：
Sibling competition was identified as an important shaping force as early as in 1918. But more recently, researchers have found many ways in which brothers and sisters are a lasting force in each others’ lives. Dr. Annette Henderson says firstborn children pick up vocabulary more quickly than their siblings. The reason for this might be that the later children aren’t getting the same one-on-one time with parents. But that doesn’t mean that the younger children have problems with language development. Later-borns don’t enjoy that much talking time with parents, but instead they harvest lessons from bigger brothers and sisters, learning entire phrases and getting an understanding of social concepts such as the difference between “I” and “me”.
A Cambridge University study of 140 children found that siblings created a rich world of play that helped them grow socially. Love-hate relationships were common among the children. Even those siblings who fought the most had just as much positive communication as the other sibling pairs.
One way children seek more attention from parents is by making themselves different from their siblings, particularly if they are close in age. Researchers have found that the first two children in a family are typically more different from each other than the second and third. Girls with brothers show their differences to a maximum degree by being more feminine than girls with sisters. A 2003 research paper studied adolescents from 185 families over two years, finding that those who changed to make themselves different from their siblings were successful in increasing the amount of warmth they gained from their parents.
小题1:The underlined part “in a different family” (in Para. 1) means “_______”.
| A．in a different family environment |
| B．in a different family tradition |
| C．in different family crises |
| D．in different families |
| A．get their parents’ individual guidance |
| B．learn a lot from their elder siblings |
| C．experience a lot of difficulties |
| D．pick up words more quickly |
| A．Siblings hated fighting and loved playing. |
| B．Siblings in some families fought frequently. |
| C．Sibling fights led to bad sibling relationships. |
| D．Siblings learned to get on together from fights. |
| A．having qualities of parents |
| B．having qualities of women |
| C．having defensive qualities |
| D．having extraordinary qualities |
答案
小题1:A
小题2:B
小题3:D
小题4:B
解析
小题1:词义猜测题。难度中等。
【解题思路】根据第一段第二句中的“…different experience…”以及第一段最后一句中“…might live in a stable and close family in the first few years; another might be raised in a family crisis, with a disappointed mother and angry father.”可知，该短语意为“生活在不同的家庭环境中”，故A项正确。
小题2:细节理解题。难度中等。
【解题思路】根据第二段最后一句话中“Later-borns don’t enjoy that much talking time with parents, but instead they harvest lessons from bigger brothers and sister…”可知后出生者更倾向于向兄弟姐妹学习，故B项正确。
小题3:细节理解题。难度中等。
【解题思路】根据第三段最后一句“Even those siblings who fought the most had just as much posistive communication as the other sibling pairs.”可知，即使兄弟姐妹间争吵不断，他们也在此中学习相处之道，故D项正确。
小题4:词义猜测题。难度中等。
【解题思路】根据语境可知，有兄弟的女孩比有姐妹的女孩更具有女性品质特征，故B项正确。
核心考点
试题【How is it that siblings (兄弟姐妹) can turn out so differently? One answer is that i】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
The way most of us spend our mornings is exactly opposite to the conditions that promote flexible, open-minded thinking. Imaginative ideas are most likely to come to us when we’re unfocused. If you are one of those energetic morning people, your most inventive time comes in the early evening when you are relaxed. Sleepy people’s lack of focus leads to an increase in creative problem solving. By not giving yourself time to tune into your wandering mind, you’re missing out on the surprising solutions it may offer.
The trip you take to work doesn’t help, either. The stress slows down the speed with which signals travel between neurons (神经细胞), making inspirations less likely to occur. And while we all should read a lot about what’s going on in the world, it would not make you feel good for sure, so put that news website or newspaper aside until after the day’s work is done.
So what would our mornings look like if we wanted to start them with a full capacity for creative problem solving? We’d set the alarm a few minutes early and lie awake in bed, following our thoughts where they lead. We’d stand a little longer under the warm water of the shower, stopping thinking about tasks in favor of a few more minutes of relaxation. We’d take some deep breaths on our way to work, instead of complaining about heavy traffic. And once in the office—after we get a cup of coffee—we’d click on links not to the news of the day but to the funniest videos the web has to offer.
小题1:According to the author, we are more creative when we are _______.
| A．focused |
| B．relaxed |
| C．awake |
| D．busy |
| A．They are solution providers. |
| B．They are a source of inspiration. |
| C．They are normally full of bad news. |
| D．They are more educational than websites. |
| A．wander into the wild |
| B．listen to a beautiful tune |
| C．switch to the traffic channel |
| D．stop concentrating on anything |
| A．offer practical suggestions |
| B．summarize past experiences |
| C．advocate diverse ways of life |
| D．establish a routine for the future |
Put simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate (模仿)it，whether or not we actually perform the same action. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes further： mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions y they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people.
Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. Researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language. A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to ( for example ："The hand took hold of the ball" ) , the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball).
Any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior. Much researeh suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. However, it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders.
Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact(互动）.Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent (相等物）for ncurosciencc of what Einstein"s theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does--well，perhaps you"ll understand why.
小题1:Mirror neurons can explain .
| A．why we cry when we are hurt |
| B．why we cough when we suffer from a cold |
| C．why we smile when we see someone else smile |
| D．why we yawn when we see someone else stay up late |
| A．set off | B．cut off | C．built up | D．broken up |
| A．relate to human behavior and interaction |
| B．control human physical actions and feelings |
| C．result in bad behavior and social disorders |
| D．determine our knowledge and language abilities |
| A．Ways to find mirror neurons. |
| B．Problems of mirror neurons. |
| C．Existence of mirror neurons. |
| D．Functions of mirror neurons. |
First, you must ask yourself, “Where is the wind coming from? Is it coming from ahead or behind or from the side?” You must think about this all the time on the boat. The wind direction tells you what to do with the sail.
Let’s start with the wind blowing from the behind. This means the wind and the boat are going in the same direction. Then you must always keep the sail outside the boat. It should be at a 90° angle (角度) to the boat. Then it will catch the wind best.
If the wind is blowing from the side, it is blowing across the boat. In this case, you must keep the sail half way outside the boat. It should be at a 45° angle to the boat. It needs to be out far enough to catch the wind, but it shouldn’t flap (摆动). It shouldn’t look like on a flagpole. If it is flapping, it is probably out too far, and the boat will slow down.
Sailing into the wind is not possible. If you try, the sail will flap and the boat will stop. You may want to go in that direction. It is possible, but you can’t go in a straight line. You must go first in one direction and then in another. This is called tacking. When you are tacking, you must always keep the sail inside the boat.
小题1:What should you consider first while sailing?
| A．Sailors’ strength. | B．Wave levels. |
| C．Wind directions. | D．Size of sails. |
| A．The boat. | B．The wind. | C．The sail. | D．The angle. |
| A．Move in a straight line. | B．Allow the sail to flap. |
| C．Lower the sail. | D．Tack the boat. |
| A．In a popular magazine. | B．In a tourist guidebook. |
| C．In a physics textbook. | D．In an official report. |
Sea turtles do not have teeth but use their jaws （下巴）to eat. Their sense of smell is excellent. Their eyesight underwater is good, but they have near-sighted eyes out of water. Their special bodies make them adapt to life at sea. However, sea turtles maintain（保持） close ties to land.
Female sea turtles have to go to the seaside to lay their eggs in the sand; therefore, all baby sea turtles begin their lives on land. Most research on sea turtles has been focused on female turtles nesting and the baby sea turtles in the nest, largely because they can be found most easily. After decades of studying sea turtles, much has been learned about. However, many mysteries（谜） still remain.
Researchers do not yet know how long baby turtles spend in the open sea, or exactly where they go. People believe they spend their earliest years floating in the sea, where they do little more than eat and grow. Once turtles reach dinner-plate size, they appear at feeding grounds in waters near the shore. They grow slowly and take between 15 and 50 years to grow old enough to bear baby sea turtles, depending on the species. There is no way to know the age of a sea turtle from its physical appearance. It is believed that some species can live for over 100 years.
小题1:Which of the following statements is NOT true about sea turtles?
| A．They don’t use teeth to eat. |
| B．They have a good sense of smell. |
| C．Sea turtles are more adaptable to life at sea. |
| D．Different species have different shells. |
| A．good eyesight | B．bad eyes |
| C．excellent eyes | D．poor eyesight |
| A．Why do female turtles lay eggs on land? |
| B．Why can’t people tell how old a sea turtle is from its appearance? |
| C．Where do the baby turtles usually go? |
| D．Do sea turtles grow very fast? |
| A．Mysteries About Sea Turtles |
| B．Baby and Female Sea Turtles |
| C．The Growth of Different Sea Turtles |
| D．The Characteristics（特点） of Sea Turtles |
Making an efficient icebox as not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary(未发展的). The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation(绝缘) and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price(高价) for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
小题1:Where was ice used after the Civil War?
| A．In refrigerating freight cars and households. |
| B．In hotels, taverns and hospitals |
| C．In families of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. |
| D．In fresh meat, fish and butter by city dealers. |
| A．Keeping the ice from melting |
| B．Knowledge of the physics of heat. |
| C．Balance of insulation and circulation |
| D．Making efforts to reduce the use of ice |
| A．the deveopment of icebox |
| B．the theoretical foundation of icebox |
| C．the wrong ideas about icebox |
| D．the way of using icebox |
| A．Thomas Moore is the inventor of modern fridge |
| B．The butter produced by Thomas Moored is better in quality than other famers’ |
| C．Knowledge of the physics of heat plays an important part in inventing a good icebox |
| D．Before 1880, most of the sold ice was used for family use. |
| A．to sell their produce at high price |
| B．to go home earlier |
| C．to keep their produce fresh |
| D．to win more customers than their competitors |
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