Three years ago I listened to a lecture on cognition that changed the way I think about intelligence. There are two types of cognition, and the first is normal cognition the ability to regain knowledge from memory. The second type of cognition is metacognition(元认知) the ability to know whether or not you know.
Does this affect intelligence? In traditional education, intelligence is measured by cognitive ability. Some people can easily produce everything they know on a test. But others are awarded with poor grades and considered inferior (not as good as). But does this inability make them any less intelligent? If the question came up on a task, they could refer to a book or a quick Google search. In reality they’re just as effective as the people that ace a test. They just can’t prove it as easily.
Metacognition is more important to success than cognition. A person with poor cognitive ability, but great metacognitive ability might do poorly in school, but when faced with a challenge, they understand their abilities and take the best course of action. For example, when faced with a question, a person with strong metacognitive ability will deal with it like this. If he knows the answer, but can’t come up with it, he can always do a bit of research. If he knows for sure that he doesn’t know, then he can start educating himself. Because he’s aware of his ignorance, he doesn’t act with foolish confidence. These people might not seem intelligent at first glance, but because they know what they know, they make better decisions and learn the most important things.
However, people with great cognitive ability but poor metacognitive ability may be considered excellent at a young age for acing every test and getting great SAT scores. Unfortunately, they’ve been ruined by poor metacognition they think they know everything but they really don’t. They are arrogant (overconfident), fail to learn from mistakes, and don’t understand the slight differences of personal relationships, showing disregard for persons with lower cognitive ability. They may make the worst decisions.
The most important mental power is the ability to know what you don’t know .The recognition of a fault is the first step to improvement. Don’t try to hide a lack of knowledge. For intelligent people this is the toughest lesson to learn.
小题1:People with great cognitive ability tend to ______________. | A．do well in tests | | B．be considered inferior | | C．be more effective than others | | D．do research when faced with a task |
小题2:The underlined phrase “take the best course of action,” probably means______. | A．starting educating himself | | B．taking action during the course | | C．making the right decision | | D．coming up with many ideas |
小题3:People with poor metacognition may not succeed because they ________.| A．lack basic moral values | | B．have improper self evaluation | | C．fail to communicate with others | | D．show little respect for others |
小题4:The author probably supports the idea that ___________.| A．intelligence is measured by cognitive ability | | B．cognition is the most important mental power | | C．the toughest lesson is to distinguish the two types of cognition | | D．the awareness of one’s ignorance contributes to one’s improvement |
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小题1:A
小题2:C
小题3:B
小题4:D |
试题分析：文章介绍两种认知，一种是可以让人们考试好的认知，一种是让人们认识到自己弱点的元认知，作者认为元认知更加重要。
小题1:细节题：从第二段的句子：In traditional education, intelligence is measured by cognitive ability. Some people can easily produce everything they know on a test. 可知认知能力强的人考试考得好，选A
小题2:句意理解题：从这段的最后一句话：they make better decisions and learn the most important things.可知元认知能力强的人，意识到自己的弱点会做出正确的决定，选C
小题3:细节题：从第四段的句子：Unfortunately, they’ve been ruined by poor metacognition they think they know everything but they really don’t.可知元认知不好的人会因为对自己没有正确判断而失败，选B
小题4:推理题：从最后一段的句子：The most important mental power is the ability to know what you don’t know .The recognition of a fault is the first step to improvement.可知作者认为意识到自己的无知会有助于提高，选D |
核心考点
试题【Three years ago I listened to a lecture on cognition that changed the way I thin】；主要考察你对
题材分类等知识点的理解。
[详细]举一反三
To master a language one must be able to speak and understand the spoken language as well as to read and write．Lenin and his wife Krupskaya translated a long English book into Russian．But when they went to England in 1980, English people couldn’t understand what was said to them．These days more foreigners are coming to China and more and more Chinese are going out to foreign countries to work or study．So the spoken language is becoming more and more important．Speaking, of course, can’t go without listening．If you want to pronounce a word correctly, first you must hear it correctly．The sounds of the Chinese and English language are not exactly the same．If you don’t listen carefully, you’ll find it difficult or even impossible to understand the native speakers．
Well, what about writing? Like speaking, it’s to exchange ideas．People generally use shorter words and shorter sentences in their writing．The important thing is to make your idea in your head and then to write it in clear lively language
Chinese students read far too slowly．If you read fast, you understand better．If you read too slowly, by the time you have reached the end of a page you have forgotten what the beginning is about．When you meet with new words, don’t look them up in the dictionary．Guess the meaning from the context．You may not guess quite correctly the first time, but as new words come up again and again in different contexts, their meaning will become clearer and clearer．If you look up every word, you’ll never finish a book．
Students of a foreign language need a particular knowledge, the knowledge of the life, history and geography of the people whose language they’re studying．They should study these subjects in the foreign language, not only in translation．In this way one can kill two birds with one stone: learn a foreign language and get some knowledge of the foreign country at the same time．
小题1:How many points are there in the passage?小题2:In his first point the writer told us| A．how to speak English | | B．how to read and write | | C．why spoken English is important | | D．why English people couldn’t understand Lenin |
小题3:In his last point the writer advised us| A．to kill two birds with one stone | | B．to learn two languages at a time | | C．to study all the subjects in a foreign language | | D．to get some knowledge of the foreign country whose language you are studying． |
小题4:“To kill two birds with one stone” means| A．to get some particular knowledge | | B．to get more than what one pays | | C．the stone is too big | | D．the birds are blind enough |
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阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A，B，C，D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
For centuries, magicians have used various ways to shock the audience. We all have seen how a 36 performer carefully steps 37 a bed of burning coals -- barefoot. Then he walks across 38 a single burn on his feet. Is it mind over matter, or is it just physics? As it turns __39 , walking on burning coals isn’t that hot as 40 . “The coals are hot enough to 41__ you, but if you walk quickly across them you 42 being burned.” says Jonathan Hall, a physician at Penn State University in Eric Pennsylvania.
That’s because some coals are made 43 burning wood chips. Wood has two 44__ properties（特性）for fire-walking, explains Hall. First, wood is an insulator（绝缘体）--it doesn’t __45 heat very well. “It 46 _ time for heat to travel 47 the wood to your feet.” Hall says. If the performer walked across red-hot metal 48 , that would truly be 49 , because metal conducts, or transmits, heat very well. The metal would 50 burn a performer’s feet.
Second, wood has a low specific heat-- it doesn’t take much heat to 51 its temperature. Heat is a form of 52 . Temperature is a 53 of heat, in units of degrees. So 54 the coals are hot, the value（数值）of heat energy they contain is low. Thus, a well-trained performer can 55 such an amazing result.
Still, you don’t want to walk on burning coals, do you?
| 小题1: | | A．daring | B．dare | C．rough | D．fearful |
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| 小题3: | | A．with | B．within | C．without | D．over |
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| 小题5: | | A．imagine | B．imagined | C．imagining | D．to imagine |
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| 小题6: | | A．fire | B．burn | C．light | D．flame |
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| 小题7: | | A．prevent | B．keep | C．ignore | D．avoid |
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| 小题9: | | A．ideal | B．classic | C．favorite | D．standard |
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| 小题10: | | A．transmit | B．communicate | C．bring | D．send |
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| 小题11: | | A．gathers | B．takes | C．gains | D．stands |
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| 小题12: | | A．through | B．into | C．over | D．pass |
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| 小题13: | | A．unhappy | B．unharmed | C．unhealthy | D．unprepared |
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| 小题14: | | A．charming | B．magical | C．tricky | D．fashionable |
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| 小题15: | | A．instantly | B．constantly | C．frequently | D．lately |
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| 小题16: | | A．produce | B．raise | C．construct | D．create |
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| 小题17: | | A．power | B．source | C．energy | D．strength |
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| 小题18: | | A．measure | B．rank | C．estimate | D．rate |
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| 小题19: | | A．what if | B．however | C．as if | D．even though |
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| 小题20: | | A．achieve | B．arrive | C．draw | D．take |
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Do you long for lasting camp memories? Sure we can guarantee it.
Shadow Ridge Summer Camps offer so many exciting things for campers to do. Unlike other camp programs that include horses as a small part of their program, at Shadow Ridge horses ARE the program ! We are 100% horse from stable（马厩）management, nature walks, and track rides to bedroom furnishings.
Horses help us achieve many of our aims. Girls can learn to develop responsibility, self-confidence and personal connections in their lives while having fun. Using horses as a wonderful tool for education, our camps offer an interesting place for growth and learning:
Imagine each girl having her very own horse to spend time with and a best friend to love and take care of. Each camper is responsible for a horse for the week. Our riding program provides a lot of riding and lesson time. Campers will learn how to take care of the horse and the tack（马具）, as well as how to ride. Days are filled with horse-related activities to strengthen the connection between each girl and horse, as the girls learn to work safely around the horses.
At Shadow Ridge we try to create a loving, caring family atmosphere for our campers. We have “The Bunkhouse”（4 girls）, the “Wranglers Roost”（4 girls）, and “The Hideout”（2 girls）in our comfortable 177-year-old farm house. All meals are home cooked, offering delicious and healthy food for the hungry rider.
Our excellent activities create personalized memories of your child’s vacation. Each child will receive a camp T-shirt and a photo album （usually 300-500 pictures） of their stay at camp.
Our camps are offered during June, July and August 2013, for small groups of girls aged13-16 years, not only from Canada but also other parts of the world.
We will send you full program descriptions at your request.
小题1:What is the main purpose of the passage?| A．To attract people to the camps. | | B．To talk about camping experiences. | | C．To describe the programs of the camps. | | D．To explain the aims of the camps. |
小题2:What do we know about the camp programs at Shadow Ridge?| A．Campers are required to wear camp T-shirts. | | B．Horses play a central role in the activities. | | C．Campers learn to cook food for themselves. | | D．Horse lessons are offered all the year round. |
小题3:The programs at Shadow Ridge mainly aim to help people ________.| A．understand horses better | B．enjoy a family atmosphere | | C．have fun above other things | D．achieve an educational purpose |
小题4:The passage is written mainly for ________.| A．horse riders | B．teenage girls | | C．Canadian parents | D．international travelers |
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If you are planning to study in the United States, you need to consider several factors. Everyone has different opinions about where is the best place to live in. Also, the best places to live in are not always home to the best schools. Finally, many schools specialize in different areas of study. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for example, is a great school for computer science and technology-related fields of study. However, if you want to study oceanography（海洋学）, your interests may be better served by attending school in a place that is on a coastline or near the ocean.
Now I am sure that you know which schools are considered the best in the country. So I will tell you about which states I believe are the best to live in.
California is a nice state. Northern California specifically has very good weather. Los Angeles in southern California is another story, though. Life in LA is full of excitement and fast, and sometimes dangerous. As for me, I enjoyed the time I spent in Massachusetts, Virginia and Maryland and these states have a lot of history and culture. The weather is not as perfect as Northern California, but it is still quite nice. My favorite area of America is the Mid-west. Middle America, I think, is home to the true American sense of values. In addition, there are many good universities there.
Also, you need to think about your likes and dislikes and then research the various states. You like sunshine and hate snow? Then you probably won’t like the Midwest or even the Northeast. Open space, nature and peace? Then you probably should stay away from America’s large cities. Are you interested in government? Then Washington D. C. is the only place for you. Whatever you decide, put some thought into it. The place you live in could be the difference between a great study-abroad experience and a state of great suffering on earth.
小题1:What, according to the author, should be considered first if you want to study in the USA?| A．The climate | B．The scenery | | C．The study condition | D．The living condition |
小题2:What is California like?| A．California is the best place to live in. | | B．California is the worst place to live in. | | C．California is a state with the largest city. | | D．California is a state with different climates. |
小题3: If you study in Middle America, you can probably _______.| A．find the best universities | | B．feel the real character of the nation | | C．meet the most famous professors there | | D．face more difficulties |
小题4: What can we conclude from the text?
A.All American famous universities lie in nice places.
B. Los Angeles is the most dangerous city in the USA.
C. Washington D.C. is the political centre of the USA.
D. It is always raining in the Midwest of the USA. |
In a recent study, researchers have estimated the energy required to produce bottled water, including the energy required to manufacture plastic, make the plastic into bottles, process the water, fill and seal the bottles, transport the bottles, and chill the bottles for use. Combining all the energy input totals for treatment and distribution, researchers found that producing bottled water requires between 5.6 and 10.2 million joules(焦耳) of energy per liter, depending on transportation factors. That"s up to 2, 000 times the energy required to produce tap water.
To break down the energy requirements, researchers found that producing the plastic bottles and transporting the bottles greatly dominated(控制) the energy input. Although some companies are experimenting with producing lightweight bottles or using recycled materials, the researchers calculated that the manufacturing cost is about 4 million joules of energy per plastic bottle weighing 38 grams, and the cap weighing 2 grams.
“Our previous work had suggested that bottled water production was an energy intensive process, but we were surprised to see the results, ” the researchers said.
Transportation costs vary depending on the distance and mode of transport and both factors depend on the type of bottled water. There are two main kinds of bottled water in the US:” spring water” which comes from an underground spring and “purified water”,which is city tap water that has received further treatment. For purified water distributed locally by truck within Los Angeles, the total transportation energy is about 1.4 million joules per liter. In the second situation, spring water shipped from Fiji (such as Fiji Spring Water) across the Pacific to Los Angeles, and then delivered locally by truck requires about 4 million joules per liter for transportation. For the spring water, the transportation energy equaled (in the case of Fiji) the energy required to produce the bottle.
With this data, the researchers hope that future studies will have the ability to make specific estimates for different situations, and possibly find ways to cut energy costs.
小题1:From the first Paragraph we can know that the energy required to ______.| A．produce bottled water includes the energy required to drink it | | B．distribute bottled water includes the energy for producing the bottles | | C．distribute bottled water is much smaller than the energy for treating it | | D．produce bottled water is much smaller than the energy for producing tap water |
小题2:To reduce the energy required to produce bottled water, some companies are trying ______.| A．to fill tap water into the plastic bottles directly | | B．to replace the plastic bottles with metal containers | | C．to produce lightweight bottles with recycled materials | | D．to use bicycles to transport and deliver bottled water locally |
小题3:What"s Paragraph 4 mainly talking about?| A．Treatment of bottled water needs no energy input at all. | | B．Bottled water production is an energy intensive process. | | C．Transportation of bottled water takes up the most energy input. | | D．Production of the plastic bottles greatly dominated the energy input. |
小题4: We can infer from the passage that ______.| A．there are two main kinds of bottled water in the US | | B．world consumption of bottled water has been increasing | | C．transportation costs have something to do with the mode of transport | | D．bottled water produced in Spring is more expensive than purified water |
小题5: What"s the main purpose of the passage?| A．To help consumers themselves make more environmentally sustainable choices. | | B．To advise the government to take severe measures to stop producing bottled water. | | C．To urge the consumers to drink tap water instead of bottled water for the sake of the earth. | | D．To try the best to find ways to produce bottled water cheaply and quickly for the companies. |
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