题目
题型：不详难度：来源：
We spoke to Mr. Brown by Skype （网络电话软件）. He told us about an incident involving a friend who had flown to an airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPS-equipped car to use during his stay. BARRY BROWN: “And they just plugged in an address and then set off to their destination. And, then it wasn’t until they were driving for thirty minutes that they realized they actually put in a destination back on the West Coast where they lived. They actually put their home address in. So again, the GPS is kind of "garbage in garbage out".”
Mr Brown says this is a common human error. But, he says, what makes the problem worse has to do with some of the shortcomings, or failures, of GPS equipment. BARRY BROWN: “One problem with a lot of the GPS units is that they have a very small screen and they just tell you the next turn. Because they just give you the next turn, sometimes that means that it is not really giving you the overview that you would need to know that it’s going to the wrong place.”
Barry Brown formerly served as a professor with the University of California, San Diego. While there, he worked on a project with Eric Laurier from the University of Edinburgh. The two men studied the effects of GPS devices on driving by placing cameras in people’s cars. They wrote a paper based on their research. It is called “The Normal, Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS.”
It lists several areas where GPS systems can cause confusion for drivers. These include maps that are outdated, incorrect or difficult to understand. They also include timing issues(时机问题) related to when GPS commands are given.
Barry Brown says, “ To make GPS systems better we need a better understanding of how drivers, passengers and GPS systems work together.”
小题1:In paragraph 2, Mr. Brown mentioned his friend in the conversation to _______.
| A．build up his own reputation |
| B．laugh at his stupid friend |
| C．prove the GPS system is only garbage |
| D．describe an example of human error |
| A．They just provide the next turn. | B．They are harmful to eyes. |
| C．They make drivers tired easily. | D．They often break down suddenly. |
| A．GPS units are to blame for most GPS service failures. |
| B．We should introduce higher standards for the driving license. |
| C．Cameras are urgently needed to help improve GPS systems. |
| D．Drivers, GPS systems and passengers should unite to improve GPS systems. |
| A．Unconcerned. | B．Prejudiced. |
| C．Objective. | D．Critical. |
| A．Driving with GPS can be difficult. |
| B．Driving confusions can be caused by small screens. |
| C．Driving without GPS should be much more convenient. |
| D．GPS equipment in driving to be deserted or improved |
答案
小题1:D
小题2:A
小题3:D
小题4:C
小题5:A
解析
试题分析：文章大意：本文是一篇科技说明文。通过科学调查分析表明：全球定位系统出现的问题是司机和全球定位系统失误两个方面的原因造成的。为了使全球定位系统更好的为我们服务，我们需要更好的理解司机、乘客和全球定位系统的协调工作。
小题1:推理判断题。段落大意题：从第二段的内容：They actually put their home address in. 和下面的句子:Mister Brown says this is a common human error.可知Mr Brown是在举人的错误的例子。故D正确。
小题2:细节理解题。根据文章第三段One problem with a lot of the GPS units is that they have a very small screen and they just tell you the next turn. Because they just give you the next turn, sometimes that means that it is not really giving you the overview that you would need to know that it’s going to the wrong place.可知答案。故A正确。
小题3:细节理解题。从最后一段的句子：Barry Brown says to make GPS systems better we need a better understanding of how drivers, passengers and GPS systems work together.可知Barry Brown认为GPS系统，司机和乘客应该一起努力提高。故D正确。
小题4:推理判断题。此题是考查作者态度。作者在文章中只是客观的评价GPS的优缺点，故作者的态度是客观的。故C正确。
小题5:主旨大意题。从第一段的：But, they can also cause a lot of problems, send you to the wrong place or leave you completely lost.可知文章讲的是GPS带来的困难。故A正确。
核心考点
试题【 Global Positioning Systems（GPS） are now a part of everyday driving in many coun】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
1. People who don’t eat meat can stay healthy.
True. As long as people eat enough milk, eggs and meat alternates(替代物), they can get enough protein.
2. Fresh vegetables cooked at home are always more nutritious than canned vegetables.
False. The difference depends more on how vegetables are prepared than whether they are fresh or canned. Vegetables cooked in too much water can lose a large quantity of vitamins.
3. Food eaten between meals can be just as good for health as food eaten at regular meals.
True. Nutritional value depends on what types of food you eat, not when you eat them. Eating an egg or an orange between meals can contribute to a good diet.
4. Taking extra vitamins beyond the recommended daily allowances won’t give you more energy.
True. It’s widely believed that extra vitamins provide more energy. But taking more than the baby needs doesn’t make it function better, just as overfilling your gas tank doesn’t make your car run better.
5. Natural vitamins are better supplements(补充)for the diet than synthetic vitamins.
False. There is no difference. A vitamin has the same properties(性质)and specific chemical structure whether made in a laboratory or taken from plant or animal parts.
6. Older people need the same amount of vitamins as younger people.
True. Older people need the same quantity of vitamins as younger people although they need fewer calories. Certain illnesses raise the requirements for some vitamins, but that is true for the young as well as the old.
7. Food grown in poor soil is lower in vitamins than food grown in rich sold.
False. The vitamins in our foods are made by the plants themselves. They don’t come from the soil.
However, the minerals in a plant depend on the minerals in the soil.
If you have answered these questions correctly, you can say you know much about food and nutrition by today’s standards. But remember that nutrition is a growing science and that may be aged as new information is obtained.
小题1:The main purpose of the passage is to .
| A．list today’s standards of some food and nutrition |
| B．introduce what should be eaten and what not |
| C．explain what is helpful to your health and what is not |
| D．test our nutrition IQ by judging the problems listed |
| A．help to bring about | B．take the place of |
| C．make room for | D．turn to |
| A．不同的 | B．特别的 |
| C．合成的 | D．天然的 |
Most people worldwide (including 80 percent of all Africans)rely on herbal medicines(草药)which are got mostly from wild plants.But some 15,000 of the 50,000 medicinal species are under threat of dying out，according to a report from the international conversation group Plantlife.Shortages have been reported in China，India，Kenya，Nepal，Tanzania and Uganda.
Overharvesting does the most harm，though pollution and competition from invasive(侵略性的)species are both responsible.“Businessmen generally harvest medicinal plants，not caring about sustain ability，”the Plantlife report says.“Damage is serious partly because they have no idea of it，but it is mainly because such collection is unorganized.” Medicinal trees at risk include the Himalayan yew and the African cherry，which are used to treat some cancers.
The solution，says the report"s author，Alan Hamilton，is to encourage local people to protect these plants.Ten projects studied by Plantlife in India，Pakistan，China，Nepal，Uganda and Kenya showed this method can succeed.In Uganda the project has kept a sustainable supply of lowcost cancer treatments，and in China a public run medicinal plant project has been created for the first time.
“Improving health，earning an income and keeping cultural traditions are important in encouraging people to protect medicinal plants，”says Hamilton.“You have to pay attention to what people are interested in.” Ghillean Prance，the former director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London，agrees that medicinal plants are in need of protection.
“Not nearly enough is being done，”he told New Scientist.“We are destroying the very plants that are of most use to us.”
小题1:What is the passage mainly about?
| A．The function of medicinal plants. |
| B．The importance of traditional medicine. |
| C．More and more people rely on herbal medicines. |
| D．The dangerous situation of medicinal plants and ways of protecting them. |
| A．About 30% of medicinal species are at risk of dying out. |
| B．Medicinal plants are mainly used to treat cancers. |
| C．80% of African countries are reported to be short of medicinal plants. |
| D．The problem of the loss of medicinal plants appeared suddenly. |
| A．A lack of knowledge of sustainability. |
| B．Invasion by other species. |
| C．Environmental pollution. |
| D．Improper harvesting. |
| A．Improving people"s health. |
| B．Letting people earn more. |
| C．Working together with the government. |
| D．Persuading the locals to protect them. |
Students who ate an adequate amount of fruit，vegetables，protein，fiber and other components of a healthy diet were significantly less likely to fail a literacy test，Dr.Paul J．Veugelers of the University of Alberta in Edmonton and colleagues found.
While a healthy diet is generally assumed to be important for good school performance, there has actually been little research on this topic, Veugelers and his colleagues note.To investigate，they looked at 4, 589 fifthgraders participating in the Children"s Lifestyle and Schoolperformance Study, 875 (19.1 percent) of whom had failed an elementary literacy assessment.
The better a student"s eating habits based on several measures of diet quality，including adequacy and variety, the less likely he or she was to have failed the test, the researchers found，even after they adjusted the data for the effects of parental income and education, school and sex.Eating plenty of fruit and vegetables, and getting fewer calories from fat, was also associated with a lower risk of failing the test.
To date, Veugelers and his team say, most research on diet and school performance has focused on the importance of eating breakfast, as well as the ill effects of hunger and malnutrition(营养不良)．
“This study extends current knowledge in this area by demonstrating the independent importance of overall diet quality to academic performance.We should not only realize the importance of children"s nutrition at breakfast but also that throughout the day，” the researchers conclude.
Another research from the UK is suggesting that children"s diets in the preschool years affects how they perform at school later on.The researchers from the Institute of Education, at the University of London say in fact that what children were eating in those days before primary school has more of an effect than the chicken nuggets(块) they ate at lunchtime.The researchers say they have found that children who ate a diet of “junk food” at the age of three, made less progress in school between the ages of six and ten.They say children"s diet at later ages appears to have less impact on their school attainment.
小题1:．According to Dr.Paul J．Veugelers, students who have a healthy diet________.
| A．are more likely to fail in their school performance |
| B．definitely can perform better in their school work |
| C．usually have more of fat and less of fruit and vegetables |
| D．tend to perform better in their school work |
| A．little research has been done on the importance of breakfast |
| B．most students participating in the research failed the test |
| C．the adequacy and variety of foods can mean better school performance |
| D．eating more chicken nuggets leads to good school performance |
| A．the ability to read and write |
| B．a guessing game |
| C．the art of painting |
| D．the ability to handle practical task |
| A．Children should have more“junk food”at lunch time. |
| B．Preschool diets can have more impact on children"s school work. |
| C．A child who often has“junk food”at 3 is bound to fail in school work. |
| D．The older a child is，the more impact of what he eats has on school work. |
(1)Each person"s perceptions of others are formed by his or her own cultural conditioning education，and personal experiences.
(2)Sometimes perceptions differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we"ve observed.It is not necessarily true that person"s perception is based on observations of a particular person.Your observations may be totally controlled by what others have told you about this person；or you may focus (聚集)primarily on the situation or role relationship.Most people do not use the same yardstick(标准)to measure their parents，their friends and strangers.
(3)Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don"t see what may be obvious to others because of our own needs，desires，or temporary emotional states.This is a process known as selective perception.Selective perception is obviously more difficult when contradictory (矛盾的)information is particularly obvious，but it can be done.We can ignore(忽视)the “stimulus”．He"s basically a good boy so what I saw was not shoplifting.
We can reduce the importance of the contradictory information—All kids(孩子)get into mischief(顽皮)．Taking a book from the bookstore isn"t such a big deal.“We can change the meaning of the contradictory information.” It wasn"t shoplifting because he was going to pay for it later.
小题1:The first factor given by the author that affects our perception is ________.
| A．the abilities of one"s auditory (听觉的)and visual (视觉的)sensors |
| B．cultural background and personal experiences |
| C．experiences one learns from others |
| D．critical measures taken by other people |
| A．one is likely to take all aspects(方面)to consideration |
| B．one pays more attention to his/her advantages |
| C．children often differ from grownups in perception |
| D．one tends to choose certain cues(提示)to look for |
| A．their measuring yardsticks are not the same |
| B．either of them may be slow to catch information |
| C．the time for observation is not long enough |
| D．each of them uses different language to express his/her impressions |
In view of their power, it"s sad to see so many parents not making the most of their child"s intelligence.Until recently parents had been warned by educators who asked them not to educate their children.Many teachers now realize that children cannot be educated only at school and parents are being asked to contribute both before and after the child enters school.
Parents have been particularly afraid to teach reading at home.Of course，children shouldn"t be pushed to read by their parents, but educators have discovered that reading is best taught individually—and the easiest place to do this is at home.Many fourand fiveyearolds who have been shown a few letters and taught their sounds will compose single words of their own with them even before they have been taught to read.
小题1:What have researchers found out about the influence of parents and the school on children"s intelligence?
| A．Parents have greater influence than the school. |
| B．The school plays a greater role than parents. |
| C．Parents and the school have the equal power. |
| D．Neither parents nor the school has any influence. |
| A．it is with the help of the teachers that children have an understanding of language |
| B．curiosity is formed after the children enter school |
| C．children"s learning patterns are developed at the early age |
| D．only the school can give children the opportunity to make achievements |
| A．Moral education. | B．Language education. |
| C．Physical education. | D．Science education. |
________.
| A．they usually push the children to read at home |
| B．they only teach them after they enter school |
| C．they teach them in a wrong way at home |
| D．they were told by educators not to teach their children |
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