现在分词
现在分词的定义
现在分词(Present Participle)(又称-ing形式,现在进行式,动名词) ,是分词的一种,分词又分为现在分词和过去分词,它们都是非限定动词,现在分词在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能充当其它的一些成分(定语,表语,补语,状语),并且它们具有动词的性质,所以又是类动词的一种。一般式:doing; 一般被动式:being done; 完成式:having done; 完成被动式:having been done。 所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not ,包括独立主格形式。
现在分词在英语这一科目中,也是比较重要的一部分,具有双重性,一面具有动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语;另一面具有形容词和副词的特征,可以充当表语,定语,状语,补足语,可以表示主动或正在进行的动作,是非谓语动词的一种。
现在分词做定语
单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前。
分词短语作定语时放在后,并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系。这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一。
e.g. a running boy
《英语教练互动英语》成人英语第一品牌the girl standing there
并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。
e.g. a boy who is running
a girl who is standing there
注意1:分词的完成时不可作定语
注意2:在message letter sign news notice等词后要用现在分词作定语,不用过去分词,这是考试的易错点。
注意3:某些现在分词作定语时,已不再表示动作,已经从分词变为了形容词词性,如interesting story, an exciting match。这些也可以属于现在分词作定语,但是不能转化为相应的定语从句,但是可以有三级变化(原级 比较级 最高级)和被某些副词如very修饰。
现在分词做补语
高中阶段只研究分词作宾补的情况,不研究作主补的情况。
只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补:
1)感官动词:see hear watch feel notice observe keep find listen to look at
2)使役动词:have get catch leave set
值得注意的是:要想用现在分词来作宾补,只能是用于这些词后,但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词(有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补)。
eg.I saw him singing now.
Don't have the students studying all day.
注意 :宾语与作宾补充的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。
至于现在分词作主语补足语的情况只须知道上述动词的被动语态形式中的现在分词作的是主补即可,无须深入。
现在分词做表语
(1) 分词作表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词作表语,一种是过去分词作表语,究竟是用现在分词还是用过去分词作表语是学生们经常困惑的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in..., 若人/ 物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb/sth is interesting。这类词常见的有:
interesting 使人感到高兴 — interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的— excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的— delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的— disappointed感到失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的— encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的— pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的— puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的— satisfied感到满意的
如:
Traveling is interesting but tiring.
旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
如果让学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.
他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.
听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
(2) 分词作表 语时,相当于形容词,不可与构成进行时态和被动 语态中的分词混淆起来。它们的形 式是一样但可以从意义上予 以区别。试比较:
The film is moving.
这电影很感人。(表语,说明主语的性质)
They are moving next Sunday .
他们下个周日搬家。(现在进行时,表示动作)
The bookstore is now closed.
书店现在已关门了。(表语,说明主语所处的状态)
The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p. m. .
书店通常在下午7:30关门。(被动语态,表示动作)
现在分词做状语
作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时要位于句首,且与后面用逗号隔开。能转换为一个相应的状语从句。
作结果、方式、伴随状语时要位于句尾,且与前面用逗号隔开,有时也可以不用。
注意分词作状语时的逻辑主语(即分词动作的发出者)一般要与句中主语保持一致。〔这个是重点,是考试和高考的常考点,大家必须记住〕
个人经验状语从句是万能的,而分词作状语具有局限性,当分词不能表示的时候可以用从句来做。
1)作时间状语
eg.Walking in the street,I saw him.当我在街上走时,我看到他了。
可以转化为一个时间状语从句 When/While I was walking in the street,I saw him.
当我要表达正在进行的动作时 我们可以在分词前面加上when/while
那么上面的例句就可以改写为When/While walking in the street,I saw him.(其实有的时候也可以理解为时间状语从句中的省略,但是不是时时成立的)
重新注意一下所给出的例子
Walking in the street,I saw him.我是翻译成”当我在街上走时,我看到他了.”而不可以翻译为”当他在街上走时,我看到他了.”(这个是因为”分词作状语时 其逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致”)
但是有的同学问了 那我要是想翻译成”当他在街上走时,我看到他了.”那应该怎么做那?
可以用状语从句来做啊 因为从句是万能的啊
When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him. 当他走在街上,我看到他。
在这里在告诉大家另外的一个方法
He walking in the street,I saw him. 他走在街上,我看见他
这是分词的独立主格形式 我们以下会介绍 在这里不需太理解.
2)作条件状语
e.g. Working hard,you will succeed. (只要)努力工作,你就会成功
3)作原因状语
e.g. Being ill,she stayed at home. (因为)生病,她留在家里
注意 being是常用来作原因状语的
4)作让步状语
e.g. Having failed many times,he didn't lost heart. 有很多次失败,他没有灰心。
5)作结果状语
e.g. His friend died,getting him a lot of money, 他的朋友死了,(所以)给了他很多钱
(注:动词不定式作结果状语通常表示一种出乎意料的结果,常在不定式前加only或never用来强调惊讶或失望;而ing形式作结果状语强调一种必然的因果关系)
6)作方式状语
e.g. Please answer the question using another way. 请用另一种方式回答这个问题
7)作伴随状语
e.g. Look at the people lying on the beach.看那些人正躺在沙滩上
_____ the rides at the Headland, visitors can take the shuttle to the Lowland.
A. Enjoying
B. Enjoyed
C. Having enjoyed
D. Having been enjoyed_____ a reply from Mabel, Jack sent another e-mail to her. [ ] A. Not receiving
B. Having not received
C. Not received
D. Not having received_____ such a heavy loss, the businessman didn"t have the courage to go on. [ ] A. Having suffered
B. Suffering
C. To suffer
D. Suffered_____ since the night before, I felt very hungry. [ ] A. Having not eaten anything
B. Not eating anything
C. I hadn"t eaten anything
D. Not having eaten anything_____ that she didn"t do a good job, I don"t think I am abler than her. A. To have said
B. Having said
C. To say
D. Saying_____ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the money
in the car.[ ]
A. Waiting
B. To wait
C. Having waited
D. To have waited_____ at college for 3 years, she knows the place very well.
A. To have studied
B. Having studied
C. Studying
D. Studied_____ all day at home writing, the novelist went out for a walk in the evening. [ ] A. Spent
B. Spending
C. Having spent
D. Having been spent_____ on the subject for half an hour, Liu Ying suddenly stopped. [ ] A. To be worked
B. To work
C. Having worked
D. Having been workedShe went to the supermarket and _____ what she needed, she returned home, light-hearted. A. bought
B. having bought
C. buying
D. to have bought_____ himself with necessary knowledge and skills, the young man went to the job market with much confidence.
A. Equipped
B. Equipping
C. Having equipped
D. Being equippedDina, _____ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. [ ]
A. struggling
B. struggled
C. having struggled
D. to struggle_____ different kinds of pianos, the factory is sure they can satisfy people"s needs.
A. To produce
B. Being produced
C. Produced
D. Having produced_____ the address, Tom sent the email to his teacher. A. Having checked
B. Checked
C. Being checked
D. To check_____ the advantages against the disadvantages, I decided to take up the job as a clerk in the bank. [ ] A. To weigh
B. Weighing
C. Weighed
D. Having weighed_____ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car. [ ] A. Waiting
B. To wait
C. Having waited
D. To have waited_____ the danger of drunk driving, many drivers promised never to drive after drinking.
A. Realizing
B. To have realized
C. Realized
D. Having realized_____ Class Two, our class became the Basketball Champion of our school.
A. Beating
B. to beat
C. Beaten by
D. Having beaten_____ many failures, I have the courage to meet all challenges. A. Having experienced
B. To experience
C. Experienced
D. Experience____ enough money, Jim was unable to buy his girlfriend expensive jewellery. [ ] A. Not to save
B. Not saving
C. Not saved
D. Not having saved____ English for more than six years, he can speak and work very well with that businessman from England. [ ] A. To have learned
B. To learn
C. Learning
D. Having learned_____ full preparations, we decided to put off the party till next week. [ ] A. We did not make
B. Having not made
C. We had not made
D. Not having made______ my parents" letter, I decided to write again. [ ] A. Not receive
B. Not to receive
C. Not received
D. Not having received_____ a reply, he decided to write again. [ ] A. Not receiving
B. Receiving not
C. Not having received
D. Having not received____ in the city for thirty years, the old man moved back to the countryside. A. Having worked
B. Working
C. To have worked
D. To work_____ that she didn"t do a good job, I don"t think I am abler than her. [ ] A. To have said
B. Having said
C. To say
D. Saying_____ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead. A. Fail
B. Failed
C. To fail
D. Having failed______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. [ ] A. Not completing
B. Not completed
C. Not having completed
D. Having not completed_____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. [ ] A. To wait
B. Have waited
C. Having waited
D. To have waitedThe old man, _____ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. [ ] A. to work
B. working
C. to have worked
D. having worked_____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. [ ]
A. Having suffered
B. Suffering
C. To suffer
D. Suffered_____ in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one. [ ] A. To succeed
B. To have succeeded
C. Having succeeded
D. succeeding_____ any failures, I have the courage to meet all challenges. [ ] A. Having experienced
B. To experience
C. Experienced
D. ExperienceThe young man, _____ several attempts to beat the world record in high jumping, decided
to have another try.[ ] A. to make
B. making
C. made
D. having made______ full preparations, they decided to put their wedding off until December. [ ] A. They did not make
B. having not made
C. They had not made
D. Not having made____ the computer competition quite well, he won the first prize. A. Preparing
B. Having prepared
C. To prepare
D. Prepared____ the chapter four times, I finally understood the author"s theory. [ ] A. Reading
B. Having read
C. To read
D. Read_____ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car.
A. Waiting
B. To wait
C. Having Waited
D. To have waited_____ to paint the house, John found it embarrassed to have to stop half way. [ ]
A. Volunteering
B. Having volunteered
C. To volunteer
D. VolunteeredThe storm left, _____ a lot of damage to this area. [ ]
A. caused
B. to have caused
C. to cause
D. having causedThe manager, ______ it clear to us that he didn"t agree with us, left the meeting room. [ ]
A. who has made
B. having made
C. made
D. makingThough _____ focus from work to family, the 34-year-old actress refuses to be a full-time housewife. [ ]
A. having shifted
B. to have shifted
C. shifted
D. being shifted_______ a precious diamond necklace for his wife, Martin could hardly afford a tie for himself. [ ]
A. Having bought
B. Buying
C. Being bought
D. To buyAlthough ______ considerable success as an outstanding basketball player, Yao Ming keeps
working hard after his retirement.[ ]
A. achieving
B. achieved
C. to achieve
D. having achieved_____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving
B. Receiving not
C. Not having received
D. Having not received_____ ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ______ the exam. [ ]
A. Being, to pass
B. As he is, to pass
C. He was, passing
D. Having been, passing____, they were forbidden to leave the company. [ ]
A. Not having finished their jobs
B. Having not finished their jobs
C. Not finishing their jobs
D. Not finished their jobsThe manager, _____ it clear to us that he didn"t agree with us, left the meeting room. A. who has made
B. having made
C. made
D. making______ volcanoes for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential
to cause great damage.[ ]
A. Studied
B. Having studied
C. Studying
D. To have been studied__________ for several hours, they came to realize that they had a lot in common.
A. Having chatted
B. chatted
C. To chat
D. Chatting
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