句法
句法词语解释
读音:jùfǎ
⑴ [syntax]
⑵ 语法的一部分,它根据被研究语言的固定用法论述表语、修饰语和其他词的关系。
⑶ 句子的结构方式;表示其在句子中相互关系的词形式的排列。
宋 苏轼 《次韵范淳父送秦少章》:“句法本 黄子 ,二豪与揩磨。” 宋 严羽 《沧浪诗话·诗辨》:“诗之品有九……其用工有三:曰起结,曰句法,曰字眼。” 清 平步青 《霞外攟屑·论文上·昌黎志铭》:“章法前提后应,与 王 铭正同,特句法错综变化,使人读之不觉为少异。” 瞿秋白 《论大众文艺·普洛大众文艺的现实问题》:“句法是倒装的,章法是零乱的。”
⑷ 语法学的组成部分之一。研究词组和句子的构成,句子成分和句子类型等内容。
⑸ 语法分为句法和词法两个部分。句法研究的是句子的内部结构,以词作为基本单位;词法研究的是词的内部结构,以语素作为基本单位。(参考 朱德熙《语法讲义》,北京:商务印书馆,1982. p25)
句子定义
句子是用来描述一件事情,表达一个思想,提出一个问题,它是有一定的语法结构排列组成的。
The football is in the box.
足球在箱子里放着。
I'm interested in English.
我对英语感兴趣。
What would you like?
你想要点什么?
句法分类
句子可以从两种角度来分类:
1) 根据句子的用途来分,英语的句子有下列几种:
一) 陈述句: 用来陈述,讲明一件事情,一个情况。
I like music.
我喜欢音乐。
Mr.Dix came to our university to teach English.
迪克斯先生来我们学校教英语。
二)疑问句: 向对方(听众)提出问题的句子就叫疑问句,一般需对方作出回答。
What do you want? I want a book.
你要什么? 我要一本书。
How old are you? I'm ten tears old.
你几岁啦? 我十岁。
三) 祈使句: 用来向对方(听众)发出请求,命令的句子叫祈使句。祈使句一般需对方作出行为动作。
Come here,please.
请过来。
Come to my office immediately.
马上到我的办公室来。
四) 感叹句: 用来表示自己的一种强烈感情的句子叫感叹句。
What an interesting story it is!
多有趣的故事啊!
How beautiful your sweater is!
你的毛衣多漂亮啊!
2) 根据句子的结构来分,句子可分为下列几种:
一) 简单句 句中只含有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语的句子叫做简单句。
I study English every day.
我天天学习英语。
Lucy and Lili went shopping yesterday.
露西和丽丽昨天上街去买东西。
二)并列句 由连接词或 " ; "把两个以上(含两个)的简单句连在一起的句子叫做并列句。在并列句中,各个简单句意思完整,不受其他简单句的影响。
These flowers are white and those flowers are red。
这些花是白色的而那些花是红色的。
I am a worker but my brother is a professor.
我是一个工人,但是我的兄弟是个教授。
三) 复合句 句子中含有从句的句子叫做复合句。
I know it's difficult to master English well.
我知道学好英语不容易。
Can you tell me how many students there are in your class?
你能告诉我你们班里有多少学生吗?
句子中的主语
主语
主语是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物,是句子的主体。
I work here.
我在这儿工作。
She is a new teacher.
她是一个新教师。
He is in charge of a limited company.
他主管一家有限公司。
主语可以由名词,代词,数词,动词不定式,动名词,名词化形容词,分词,从句,短语等来担任。
The book is on the desk.
书在桌子上。
I get an idea.
我有一个主意。
Two and two are four.
二加二等于四。
Smoking is bad to health.
吸烟对身体有害。
The wounded has been taken to the hospital.
伤员已经送到医院。
When to begin is not known yet.
什么时间开始还不知道。
What I know is important.
我所知道的很重要。
句子中的谓语
谓语
谓语是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。
The child has been brought up by his mother.
这孩子是由他的妈妈带大的。
We don't know him very well.
我们不太了解他。
She speaks English fluently.
她英语讲得很流利。
表语 表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。
These desks are yellow.
这些桌子是黄色的。
I am all right.
我没事。
We are happy now.
我们现在很幸福。
It's over.
时间到了。
She is ten.
她十岁了。
My work is teaching English,
我的工作是教英语。
The dictionary is in the bag.
词典在书包里边。
My question is how you knew him.
我的问题是你如何认识他的。
句子中的宾语
宾语
宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任,宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。
I saw a cat in the tree.
我看见树上有一只猫。
I want to go shopping.
我想去买东西。
He said he could be here.
他说他会来的。
We think you are right.
我们认为你是对的。
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell 等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面,但间接宾语前须加 " to "。
My father bought me a book.
我父亲给我买了一本书。
Give the rubber to me.
把橡皮给我。
Please give the letter to Xiao Li.
请把这封信给小李。
有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外,还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整,它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系, 这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。
We all call him Lao Wang.
我们都叫他老王。
Please color it red.
请给它涂上红颜色。
We found the little girl in the hill.
我们在山上找到了小女孩。
句子中的定语
定语
用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个 词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。
That is a beautiful flower.
那是一朵漂亮的花。
The TV set made in that factory is very good.
那个工厂生产的电视机很好。
This is my book,not your book.
这是我的书,不是你的书。
There are more than twenty trees in our
school.
我们学校里有二十多棵树。
I have a lot of things to do.
我有好多要做的事情。
Our country is a developing country.
我们的国家是一个发展中的国家。
句子中的状语
状语
:说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词,短语以及从句来担任。
We went to the countryside last year.
去年我们去了乡下。
I often read the news paper at night.
我经常在晚上看报纸。
We study hard for our country.
我们为我们的国家而努力学习。
I'm late because I missed the bus.
由于误了车,所以我迟到了。
I go to school on foot.
我步行去上学。
简 单 句
简单句可分为下列五种形式:
1) 主语 + 系动词 + 表语。
I am a student.
我是一名学生。
You are a teacher.
你是一位教师。
She is a worker.
她是一个工人。
The picture is beautiful.
照片很漂亮。
The football is on the floor.
足球在地上。
2) 主语 + 不及物动词。
The sun rises in the east.
太阳从东方升起。
We arrived at Beijing yesterday.
我们昨天到达北京。
They have worked for tree hours this morning.
他们今早工作了三个小时。
3) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
We help each other.
我们互相帮忙。
I have received a letter from my parents.
我收到一封我父母亲的信。
I bought a bike last year.
去年我买了一辆自行车。
4) 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
I gave him a book last week.
上周我给了他一本书。
My parents will buy me a gift.
我父母亲将给我买一件礼品。
5) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语.
I heard him singing in the hall.
我听见他在大厅里唱歌。
I saw her watching TV play.
我看到她在看电视。
并 列 句
并列句: 用并列连接词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接在一起的句子叫并列句.常用的连接词如下:
also,and,but,either ... or,however,not only...but also,or,or else,so,still,yet,neither...nor.
并列句的构成:
简单句 + 连接词 + 简单句。
He studied hard and he passed the examination.
他学习努力并通过了考试。
Let's hurry,or we'll be late.
咱们赶紧点,要不就迟到啦。
I have been to Beijing many times but my parents have never been there.
我去过北京多次,但我父母亲从没去过。
复 合 句
复合句是由两个或两个以上的有主谓结构的句子用从属连词连接起来的句子。其中一个句子是主体,叫做主句,而其他的句子叫做从句。
从句由连接词引导,它们是:
that,before,whether,if,although,because,as long as,as soon as,since,after,who,which,whom,what,whose,why,where,how,when,
从句尽管有主谓结构,但不能单独成为一个句子,在句中,从句仅担任某个成分,根据担任的成分从句可分主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,定语从句,状语从句。
主语从句 在句中起主语作用的句子叫做主语从句.
主语从句一般放在句首。
引导主语从句的词有下列:
that,who,whether,if,what,which,when,where,how,why.
Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.
谁擦的黑板还不知道。
What he said is not true.
他说的不是实话.
That he'll come to see us is really great.
他来看我们真是太好啦。
It's very good that he has passed the exam.
他通过了考试太好了。
宾语从句 在句中起宾语作用的句子叫做宾语从句,宾语从句放在动词后面。
引导宾语从句的词有下列。
that,if,whether,what,which,when,where,how,why,
I didn't expect that he had broken the glass.
我没有想到他把玻璃打破了。
Could you tell me who is your teacher?
你能告诉我谁是你的教师吗?
I don't know why he is absent.
我不知道为什么他不在。
表语从句 在句中起表语作用的句子叫做表语从句,表语从句放在系动词的后面。
引导表语从句的词有下列。
that,if,whether,what,which,when,where how,why等.
The question is whether he will join us next time.
问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。
That is why I am late.
这就是我为什么迟到。
定语从句 在句中起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句,定语从句放在被修饰的名词后面。
引导定语从句的词有下列。
who,whose,that,which,whom,when,where why.
Do you know the man who is in the car.
你认识坐在汽车里的人吗?
This is the place where I was born.
这就是我出生的地方。
That is the reason why he lost his job.
这就是他为什么失去工作的原因。
状语从句 在句中起状语作用的句子叫做状语从句,状语从句一般放在句后,强调时放在句首。
He opened the windows since it was hot.
由于天气热,他打开了窗户。
When he was young,he couldn't go to school。
他年青的时候没能上学。
I'll let you know as soon as he come back.
他一回来我就告诉你。
Mother will wait for him to have dinner together, no matter ______. [ ]
A. how late is he
B. how late he is
C. how is he late
D. how he is late______ I watch a DVD, Dad send me to bed. So unfair! [ ]
A. At every time
B. Every time that
C. At every time when
D. Every time单词拼写。 1. If most winners (捐献) a day"s pay to the Hope Project, then it will be hopeful.
2. _________ (游泳) for some time after a tiring day is very enjoyable and exciting for me in summer.
3. Almost no high school students are _________ (满意) with the school hours in China.
4. I am __________ (建议) to explain how difficult this kind of work can be.
5. On __________ (平均), he works seven hours a day.
6. Looking after a baby is as _________ (挑战) as working on a new job, do you think so?
7. For a small beginning, it has __________ (发展) into a big international company.
8. The best way to earn __________ (尊重) from others is to respect others.
9. As usual, the school __________ (集会) is on Monday morning.
10. The child is quite (窘迫的) before strangers.I think you can have the magazine I finish reading it myself. [ ]
A. the moment
B. unless
C. so that
D. becauseA new library is being built ______ there was a playground. [ ] A. that
B. in which
C. where
D. when____ how much they pay, I am not interested in this kind of job. [ ]
A. In spite of
B. No matter
C. In place of
D. Even thoughMary and I talked _____ at the beginning of term. _____ we started talking, I knew we would be friends. [ ]
A. the first time, For the first time
B. for the first time, The first time
C. for the first time, For the first time
D. the time, For the first time_____, you"ll never be able to persuade him. [ ] A. However hard may you try
B. However hard you may try
C. However you may try hard
D. Try hard however you may— What will you do if no news _____ from your sister tomorrow?
— I will go to her house myself.[ ] A. come
B. comes
C. will come
D. is comingHe visited Shanghai _____ he went to China. [ ] A. at the first time
B. the first time
C. for the first time
D. at the first time whenI thought her nice and honest _____ I met her. [ ] A. first time
B. for the first time
C. the first time
D. by the first timeAs far as I am concerned, education is about learning and the more you learn, _____. [ ] A. the more for life are you equipped
B. the more equipped for life you are
C. the more life you are equipped for
D. you are equipped the more for life_____, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. [ ]
A. However late he is
B. However he is late
C. However is he late
D. However late is heMother, I won"t go unless you _____. [ ] A. agreed
B. will agree
C. agree
D. are going to agreeThey would be good friends _____ he saw her at the party. [ ]
A. for the first time
B. first time
C. the first time
D. it"s the first time―Where did you find the gloves?
―In the case _____ Mother put the old clothes.[ ] A. that
B. where
C. which
D. whenI felt nervous _____ I stepped into the classroom and gave my lecture. [ ] A. the first time
B. for the first time
C. first time
D. when the first timeAlthough we had been out of touch for ten years, I recognized her _____ I met her. [ ] A. first time
B. for the first time
C. the first time
D. by the first timeIf city noises _____ from increasing, people _____ shout to be heard even at dinner table
20 years from now on.[ ]
A. are not kept; will have to
B. are not kept; have to
C. don"t keep; will have to
D. don"t keep; have toWhile building a tube through the mountain, _____. [ ] A. an underground lake was discovered
B. there was an underground lake discovered
C. a lake was discovered underground
D. the workers discovered an underground lake_____ they visited the Science Museum,they showed great interest in everything they saw. [ ] A. The first time
B. For the first time
C. At first
D. At the first timeWe were all very much attracted by the beautiful scenery ____ we set foot in the village. [ ]
A. quickly
B. suddenly
C. finally
D. immediately_____ at the theatre,he found the ticket his friend gave him was left at home. [ ] A. To arrive
B. On arriving
C. While arrived
D. On arrived_____,I have never seen anyone who is as capable as David. [ ] A. As I have traveled so much
B. As long as I have traveled much
C. Now that I have traveled much
D. Much as I have traveledOnce you _____ used to the weather here, you _____ to live here. [ ] A. get; will probably like
B. will get; will probably like
C. got; will probably like
D. had got; had probably liked_____ I toured Jiuzhaigou, I was deeply impressed with its beautiful scenery. [ ] A. For the first time
B. At first
C. It was the first time
D. The first timeI will never go to his house unless _____. [ ] A. I invite
B. I will be invited
C. invited
D. I was invited_____ I toured Lushan Mountain, I was deeply impressed with its beautiful scenery. [ ] A. The first time
B. For the first time
C. At first
D. It was the first timeYou _____ to leave until you _____ your work. [ ]
A. won"t be allowed; have finished
B. won"t allow; finish
C. won"t be allowed; will finish
D. won"t allow; will finish— Don"t worry; I am sure the doctor will be here in time.
— But what if he _____? It"s going to rain and it"s getting dark.[ ] A. won"t come
B. isn"t coming
C. doesn"t come
D. wouldn"t comeThis is a very interesting book. I"ll buy it, _____. [ ] A. how much may it cost
B. no matter how it may cost
C. however much it may cost
D. how may it costIf you _____ your homework by 7:00, you cannot watch the drama on TV. [ ] A. won"t finish
B. haven"t finished
C. didn"t finish
D. doesn"t finishI want to see him _____ he arrives. Which of the following is wrong? [ ] A. at the moment
B. directly
C. immediately
D. instantly_____ many times, but he still couldn"t understand it. [ ] A. Though he had been told
B. Having been told
C. Having told
D. He had been toldI forgot all about Jenny because my wife hurried towards me _____ I went outside. [ ] A. at the moment
B. for the moment
C. the moment
D. the instantlyShe will have learned English for 10 years by the time she _____ from the university next year. [ ] A. will graduate
B. will have graduated
C. graduates
D. is to graduateWe were all very much attracted by the beautiful scenery _____ we set foot in the village. [ ]
A. quickly
B. suddenly
C. finally
D. immediately_____ to his experiment in the lab, the idea for the new plan came to his mind. [ ] A. While devoting
B. While devoting himself
C. While he was devoted
D. While devotedHe will stop showing off, if no notice _____ of him. [ ] A. is taken
B. will be taken
C. takes
D. has takenToday, we will begin _____ we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out. [ ] A. when
B. where
C. how
D. whatThe boy has been going back home later _____, which worries his parents. [ ] A. as usual
B. than usual
C. as usually
D. than usually_____, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. [ ]
A. However late is he
B. However he is late
C. However is he late
D. However late he isPlease put the bike _____ it belongs after you have used it. [ ] A. where
B. to which
C. what
D. that_____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes. [ ] A. Although much he like her
B. Much although he likes her
C. As he likes her much
D. Much as he likes her— If it _____ tomorrow, we"ll stay at home.
— It would be boring.[ ] A. rain
B. rains
C. will rain
D. is raining— When will you come to see me, Daddy?
— I will go to see you when you _____ the training course.[ ] A. will finish
B. will have finished
C. are finishing
D. finishWe will lose the game unless he _____ us. [ ] A. helps
B. helped
C. was helping
D. has helped_____ you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge. [ ] A. However a serious problem
B. What a serious problem
C. However serious a problem
D. What serious a problem改写句子。 1. Being ill, he didn"t come to Mary"s birthday party. (改为含有状语从句的复合句)
___________________________, he didn"t come to Mary"s birthday party.
2. The bridge which was built in 1888 is now under repairs. (改为简单句)
___________________________ is now under repairs.
3. He is said to have passed the driving test. (改为含有主语从句的复合句)
___________________________ he has passed the driving test.
4. Although he is still poor, he has already grasped two foreign languages. (改为倒装句)
___________________________, he has already grasped two foreign languages.
5. He didn"t go to school until he was ten years old. (改为强调句)
____________________________________________ he went to school.
6. I saw several houses with mosaic floor and wall paintings. (画线部分改写成定语从句)
____________________________________________
7. With the help of the kind old man, we arrived at the remote village before lunchtime. (用with复合结构做).
___________________________, we arrived at the remote village before lunchtime.
8. "Please don"t open the window." said Jack politely to his classmate.
Jack asked his classmate politely _________________________ (间接引语).
9. Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. (画线部分改写成状语从句)
___________________________, we can have a walk around the playground after supper.
10. When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. (画线部分改写成分词作状语)
___________________________, we can find the city more beautiful._____, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week. [ ] A. However the story is amusing
B. No matter amusing the story is
C. However amusing the story is
D. No matter how the story is amusing
- 1There is _________ that her daughter will pass the exam to g
- 2下列说法中正确的是A.含有离子键的化合物一定是离子化合物20090318B.所有物质中都存在化学键C.含有极性键的分子一
- 3古希腊时期,雅典官方文件关于雅典人口的表述是“雅典人及其妻子和孩子”。从中可以看出A.“雅典人”指雅典公民B.雅典居民只
- 4_____ hard she tries, she can hardly avoid making mistakes i
- 5In the face of all these difficulties, we"re not discouraged
- 6下列关于染色体、DNA和基因关系的表述正确的是[ ]A.B.C.D.
- 7如图,AB=8cm,O为线段AB上的任意一点,C为AO的中点,D为OB的中点,你能求出线段CD的长吗?并说明理由.
- 8“九州生气恃风雷”,“但悲不见九州同”,“九州”一词源于A.夏朝B.商朝C.周朝D.秦朝
- 9下列加粗成语运用不恰当的一项是[ ]A.在知识不断更新的今天,努力学习是增强自身本领的不二法门。 B.扮演蔺相如
- 10直线x=1和函数y=f(x)的图象的公共点的个数为______.
- 1唯物主义和唯心主义是哲学史上的两个基本派别,唯心主义者都主张[ ]A、事物是感觉的集合B、事物是理念的影子C、意
- 2已知函数在区间上是增函数,则实数的取值范围
- 3下列关于徐光启思想和活动的表述,正确的是[ ]A.支持“反清复明”活动B.积极引进西学C.否定孔子是“天生圣人”
- 4有机物X、Y分子式不同,它们只含C、H、O元素中的两种或三种,若将X、Y不论何种比例混合,只要其物质的量之和不变,完全燃
- 5They don"t come to the book club any more, for ________ rea
- 6如图所示,画出动力F的力臂。
- 7鲨鱼是世界上唯一不患癌症的动物,研究发现其体内含有角鲨烯(C30H50)有抗癌作用.试计算:(1)角鲨烯(C30H50)
- 8根据蜜蜂的生活习性回答下列问题: (1)蜂群内有蜂王、工蜂、雄蜂三种蜂。它们分工明确,互相协作,这是蜜蜂的_______
- 9地跨寒带、温带、热带全部位于北半球的大洲是( )A.亚洲、北美洲B.亚洲、非洲C.北美洲、欧洲D.北美洲
- 10— Excuse me, what’s this in English?— It’s _____ eraser.A. a