题目

How did the Industrial Revolution extert a great influence on both British society and the world?
in english
我想问的是工业革命从英国波及到全世界有哪些因素，中文回答也可。

提问时间：2021-01-02

答案

我竭尽全力写的,还***点资料,你看行吗?
firstly i wanna say that the Industrial Revolution is a long term which indicates the variation from an established agricultural and commercial society to a progressive industrial society depending on complicated machines rather than tools.This transition also transformed the world from a rural to an urban economy.six major elements extert a great influence on both British society and the worldduring the 18th and 19th century:
(1) Enormous changes in the social and economic structure occurred as inventions and technological innovations freed workers from the land and made it possible to provide food for a large urban population,and as the population of labors that previously were employed mainly in agriculture increasingly accumulated in large urban mill centers.
(2) Thanks to the discovery of the New World,America,the large import of valuable metals activated industry and nourished a money economy.The expansion of trade and the money economy spurred the growth of new form of finance and credit.In the 17th century,the Dutch were the frontrunners financially,but since the Bank of England established in 1694,the Dutch’s dominance was greatly questioned.Capitalism expanded greatly,and a new form of commercial entrepreneurs flourished from the old style of commercial adventurers.‘Many machines were already known,and there were sizable factories using them,but these were the exceptions rather than the rule.Wood was the only fuel,water and wind the power of these early factories’ (Dietz).
(3) As the 18th century began,a broadening and richer group of people needed more and better goods,thus it stimulated mass production of finished goods.During the fruitful process,coal became the substitution of wood.Early-model steam engines were utilized to drain water and raise coal from the mines.
(4) The use of steam for power and the greatly improved engine (1769) of James Watt contributed greatly to the Industrial Revolution.Also,Cotton textile which was the foundational industry early in the Industrial Revolution and ‘John Kay's fly shuttle (1733),James Hargreaves's spinning jenny (patented 1770),Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769),Samuel Crompton's mule (1779),which mixed the characters of the jenny and the frame,’(Osborne) and Edmund Cartwright's power loom (patented 1783) speeded a great growth in production.
(5) The occurrence of large quantities of coal and iron in Britain was a crucial element in its swift industrial growth.The use of coke in iron production also had extensive influence.The coalmines from the early 1700s contributed greatly to the thriving of the factories and industrial towns.Canals and roads were built,and the presence of the railroad and the steamship broadened the market for finished goods.Chemical innovations and machines for making machines also played important roles in the great transitions.
(6) The skills acquired during this period were exported to other countries and this helped to make Britain the richest and most powerful nation in the world by the middle of the 19th century (Osborne).
In France,this transformation had kept pace with Britain during the 17th and most of the 18th century,but it was left behind in industrial development later,and the British victory in their long-term commercial competition kept markets away from France.The transition did not make the swift improvement that it did in Britain,but it improved steadily after 1830 (Henderson).
The United States also made some contributions to the early revolution,for example,the cotton gin (1793) of Eli Whitney.But the transformation of the United States took place mainly after the Civil War and on the British model.The textile mills of New England had long been in existence,but the thriving time of industrial organization was from 1860 to 1890.
During the last years of the 19th and the early years of the 20th century,the Industrial Revolution was spread into Asian countries such as:India,China,and Japan and south east Asia by the Europeans.Anyhow,Japan was the only Asian country that could be deemed to have had a genuine Industrial Revolution (Ashton).