题目
题型：不详难度：来源：
“People who are also smokers are at a much higher risk，” Dr.Jennifer M.Glass of the University of Michigan"s Addiction Research Center said. In her study，“Cigarette smoking has a bad effect on IQ and thinking，” she said.
This finding may seem counterintuitive(违反直觉的)，since many smokers show that they feel quicker and focused after smoking. Indeed，research shows that improved mental functioning is one of the immediate effects of nicotine exposure. Chronic(慢性的)smoking，however，is known to have the opposite effect. Studies show that up to 87 percent of alcoholics smoke cigarettes.
Yet，few studies have looked into cigarette smoking as a factor that might explain the cognitive(认知的)lack reported among alcoholics. To search for that association，Glass and her colleagues examined brain function among 172 men from the same area，including 103 men who abused alcohol. The team found that men with higher scores on the lifetime alcohol problems scale(LAPS)and those who reported a higher number of pack years of smoking both had lower IQ scores.
Upon further research，the researchers found that smoking also appeared to be independently associated with weaker word and space reasoning.
Thus，though smoking did not account for all of the decreased mental functioning observed among the alcohol abusers，it did seem to account for some of the effects，the report indicates.
小题1:What is the passage mainly about?
| A．Cigarette smoking contributes to decreased IQ and thinking. |
| B．Alcohol abuse is to blame for the poorer mental function. |
| C．Most of the alcoholics are also heavy smokers. |
| D．Non-smokers mostly have higher IQ scores. |
| A．Chronic smoking can improve mental functioning. |
| B．Chronic smoking has an immediate influence on mental functioning. |
| C．Chronic smoking has side effect on mental functioning improvement. |
| D．Chronic smokers feel quicker and focused after smoking. |
| A．cigarette smoking is not related to reasoning |
| B．nicotine exposure can improve mental functioning temporarily |
| C．the long term effects of nicotine cause alcoholics |
| D．men with lower scores on the LAPS have lower IQ scores |
| A．many alcoholics suffer a great deal from smoking |
| B．giving up smoking is significantly challenging for the alcoholics |
| C．alcoholics who do not smoke much have higher IQ scores |
| D．other factors can cause the poorer mental functioning besides smoking |
| A．to warn us of the bad effects of smoking on IQ and thinking |
| B．to tell us why people are addicted to smoking |
| C．to give us some advice on how to improve IQ and reasoning |
| D．to compare the bad effects of alcohol and cigarette |
答案
小题1:A
小题2:C
小题3:B
小题4:D
小题5:A
解析
试题分析：根据调查发现尼古丁对人体神经的长期影响在某种程度上是嗜酒成瘾者智力下降的主要原因，因为他们中很多人同时也是老烟民。尽管抽烟并不是导致嗜酒成瘾者神经系统识别功能降低的全部原因，但确实有一定的影响。提醒人们抽烟对智商和思维能力有消极的影响。
小题1:这是主旨大意题。根据In her study，“Cigarette smoking has a bad effect on IQ and thinking，抽烟对智商和思维能力有消极的影响，故选A。
小题2:这是细节理解题。因为很多人都觉得在抽完烟后反应会更敏捷，注意力更集中。研究结果显示，抽烟后确实会有短暂的意识功能增强，但这只是尼古丁释放的短暂效果之一。然而，长期抽烟会产生相反的效果。故选C。
小题3:这是细节理解题。Indeed，research shows that improved mental functioning is one of the immediate effects of nicotine exposure研究结果显示，抽烟后确实会有短暂的意识功能增强故选B。
小题4:这是推理判断题。根据though smoking did not account for all of the decreased mental functioning observed among the alcohol abusers，it did seem to account for some of the effects，the report indicates.研究报告认为，尽管抽烟并不是导致嗜酒成瘾者神经系统识别功能降低的全部原因，但确实有一定的影响。故选D。
小题5:这是写作意图题。抽烟对智商和思维能力有消极的影响。故选A。
点评：推理判断就是根据作者的意图和倾向来完成相关的问题。 根据你对文章的理解，来判断各个选项的正误。最重要的就是读懂句子的意思，找出文章的中心，这种阅读是深层阅读，但是你最重要的就是找出文章的中心意思，抓住主要句子和相关句子的意思就可以解决了，要注意题目中的一些关键词和文章中的句子的对比，尤其是一些转折词、连词等等。
核心考点
试题【The poorer mental function seen among alcoholics，many of whom also regularly smo】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
Other tests have shown that laughter appears to be able to reduce the effect of pain on the body. In one experiment doctors produced pain in groups of students who listened to different radio programs. The group that tolerated (忍受) the pain for the longest time was the groups which listened to a funny program. The reason why laughter can reduce pain seems to be that it helps to produce a kind of chemicals in the brain which reduce both stress (紧张；压力) and pain.
As a result of these discoveries, some doctors in the United States now hold laughter clinics (诊所), in which they help to improve their patients’ condition by encouraging them to laugh. They have found that even if their patients do not really feel like laughing, making them smile is enough to produce beneficial effects similar to those caused by laughter.
小题1:The underlined phrase “took the saying seriously” in the first paragraph probably means “________”.
| A．treat the saying as important | B．treat the saying as interesting |
| C．treat the saying as dangerous | D．treat the saying as funny |
| A．laughter and physical exercises have similar effects on the human body |
| B．smile can produce the same effects as laughter |
| C．pain can be reduced by laughter |
| D．laughter is the best medicine |
| A．to give better condition to their patients |
| B．in order to improve patients’ health |
| C．to make patients smile |
| D．to prove smile and laughter have the same effect |
This kind of anger and irritation happens to all of us—it’s part of the human experiences.
One thing that irritates me is when people talk during a movie，or cut me off in traffic. Actually, I have a lot of these little annoyances—don"t we all？And it isn’t always easy to find peace when you’ve become upset or irritated.
Let me tell you a little secret to finding peace of mind: see the glass as already broken .
See, the cause of our stress, anger and irritation is that things don"t go the way we like, the way we expect them to. Think of how many times this has been true for you. And so the solution is simple：expect things to go wrong, expect things to be different than we hoped or planned，expect the unexpected to happen. And accept it.
One quick example: on our recent trip to Japan, I told my kids to expect things to go wrong—they always do on a trip. I told them, “See it as part of the adventure.”
And this worked like a charm. When we inevitably(不可避免地) took the wrong train on a foreignlanguage subway system, or when it rained on the day we went to Disney Sea, or when we took three trains and walked 10 blocks only to find the National Children"s Castle closed on Mondays...they said, “It"s part of the adventure！” And it was all OK—we didn"t get too bothered.
So when the nice glass you bought inevitably falls and breaks some day, you might get upset. But things will be different, if you see the glass as already broken, from the day you get it. You know it"ll break some day, so from the beginning, see it as already broken. Be a timetraveler, or someone with timetraveling vision, and see the future of this glass, from this moment until it inevitably breaks. And when it breaks, you won"t be upset or sad—because it was already broken, from the day you got it. And you’ll realize that every moment you have with it is precious.
小题1:The author would probably agree that________.
| A．we should control our anger and irritation |
| B．we must get well prepared for the future |
| C．optimism can help us overcome our anger and irritation |
| D．anger and irritation is a natural part of our life |
| A．tell us his own experience in life |
| B．advise us how to find peace of mind |
| C．tell us a happy trip he took with his children |
| D．ask us to see things from both sides |
| A．get ready for the worst result of things |
| B．enjoy the process of things |
| C．expect little from life |
| D．find the relationship between cause and effect |
| A．everything went smoothly |
| B．they had a lot of adventures |
| C．they had expected things to go wrong |
| D．they could soon get used to the customs there |
| A．often gets angry in his life |
| B．can adjust his state of mind accordingly |
| C．always expects others to act in his way |
| D．always suffers from his anger and irritation |
When we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle (顶点) of sheer (纯粹的) delight. And those pinnacles seem to get rarer the older we get.
1 I remember playing police and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, kids also experience lows, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved.
For teenagers, or people under 20 the concept of happiness changes. 2 I can still feel the pain of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. I also remember the great happiness of being invited at another event to dance with a very handsome young man.
In adulthood the things that bring great joy—birth, love, marriage—also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. 3 For adults, happiness is complex.
4 But I think a better definition of happiness is “ the ability to enjoy something”. The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It"s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health.
While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn"t about what happens to us; it’s the ability to find a positive for every negative, and view a difficulty as a challenge. 5
| A．Love may not last; loved ones die. |
| B．For a child, happiness has a magic quality. |
| C．Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life. |
| D．Being happy doesn’t mean that everything is perfect. |
F. It"s not wishing for what we don"t have, but enjoying what we do possess.
G. Suddenly it’s conditional on such things as excitement, love, and popularity.
Gyrotonics is a kind of exercise that combines the movements of dancing and swimming with the mental and physical practice called yoga. It helps lengthen muscles, improve balance, and exercise the joints, the parts of the body where bones are joined.
A Hungarian dancer named Juliu Horvath developed this special form of exercise. After he was injured in dancing, Mr. Horvath studied yoga intensely. In the 1980s, he developed a new exercise method as a special kind of yoga to strengthen dancers.
According to Mr. Horvath, his method was based on the octopus(章鱼)，monkey and cat. He says these animals have no restrictions. They can move in any direction the Gyrotonic movements to help the human body move more freely.
A special machine made of wood and weights(砝码) helps guide the body through the Gyrotonics exercises. You sit or lie on a flat board. You put your legs or hands through special cloth handles attached to a line with weights. With the tension created by the weights, you must try to move through the exercises.
Seven kinds of backbone movements form the base of Gyrotonics. For example, you can stretch your back to the left and right or forward and backward. While moving your back, you can also work on arm or leg motions. These movements must be done in a smooth way. Often the motions are circular(圆形的)。
When Juliu Horvath first developed Gyrotonics, he was the only teacher. Since then, he has taught almost 70 trainers. Now, there are more then 800 official schools in the world where you can learn Gyrotonics.
小题1:This passage mainly focuses on _____.
| A．A successful life of Horvath | B．A popular kind of exercise |
| C．Some advice on health care | D．Some uses of a special machine |
| A．His dancing-related injury. | B．His failure in practicing yoga. |
| C．His good skills of dancing | D．His wish to be a Gyrotonics trainer. |
| A．His experience in dancing. | B．His use of a special machine. |
| C． The movements of some animals. | D．The ideas from many trainers. |
| A．Many Americans have improved their health through Gyrotonics. |
| B．In a way, Gyrotonics is an exercise that comes from yoga. |
| C．You only have to move your backbone when doing the exercise. |
| D．Gyrotonics courses can be found in most countries worldwide. |
Researchers at the University of Southern California and the University of Hawaii did the new study. The New England Journal of Medicine published the findings. The eight-year research studied more than 180,000 people. They included present and former smokers and people who never smoked. Almost 2.000 people in the study developed lung cancer.
Researchers say genetics (遗传学) might help explain the racial and ethnic（种族的） differences. There could be differences in how people"s bodies react to smoke. But environmental influences, including the way people smoke, could also make a difference.
African-Americans and Latinos in the study are reported smoking the fewest cigarettes per day. Whites are the heaviest smokers. But the scientists point out that blacks have been reported to breathe cigarette smoke more deeply than white smokers. This could fill their lungs with more of the chemicals in tobacco that cause cancer.
Scientists know that some diseases effect different groups differently. And some drug companies have begun to develop racially targeted (针对) medicines. Last June, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved a drug designed to treat heart failure in black patients. The name is BiDil. The agency called it "a step toward the promise of personalized medicine."
小题1:Researchers agree that it is that may probably determine black people’s risk of lung cancer.
| A．the larger amount of smoking than white people |
| B．the living style or habit of the blacks |
| C．the depth of cigarette smoke into their lungs |
| D．the physical strength to react to cigarette smoke |
| A．heavy smokers in America | B．smokers and non-smokers |
| C．the Asians and Hawaiians | D．the black and white people |
| A．explain different races react to some diseases differently |
| B．tell the readers that racial differences exist in smokers |
| C．show a big step people have taken in the medicine area |
| D．support the idea that it is easy for blacks to have cancers |
| A．The way of smoking may increase the risk of lung cancer. |
| B．Race has nothing to do with the risk of having a lung cancer. |
| C．The research was started by the New England Journal of Medicine. |
| D．he risk of lung cancer lies I how much a person smokes. |
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