If you and your friends wish to share a secret, you can write it in code (编码), and no one else will be
able to read it.
Codes are one way of writing in secret. Ciphers (暗码) are another. In a code each word is written as a
secret code word or code number. In a cipher each letter is changed. Codes and ciphers have played an
important role in the history of the world. Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler who defeated almost all the countries
in Europe about 2, 000 years ago, used a cipher when he sent secret messages to his troops. During the
American Revolution, George Washington"s spies used a kind of code to send him information about the enemy
before his military (军事的) action. In World War Ⅱ, the Americans "broke", or figured out, Japan"s most
important navy codes and got enough information to destroy a powerful Japanese fleet( 舰队).
Storekeepers use codes to mark their goods. The codes show how much was paid for the goods or when
they were added to the stock (商品). Businessmen use codes to hide plans from their business enemies.
Sometimes personal letters or diaries are written in code. Many people enjoy figuring out codes and ciphers
simply as a hobby.
In the 16th century, codes and ciphers were very popular among scientists. They wrote messages to each
other in code so that no one else would learn their secrets. Geronimo Gardano, an Italian astrologer (星相家),
mathematician, and doctor, invented the trellis cipher. He took two sheets of paper and cut exactly the same
holes in each one. Then he sent one sheet, which he called a trellis, to a friend and kept the other for himself.
Whenever he wanted to write a message, he put his trellis over a clean sheet of paper and wrote the secret
message through the holes. Then he removed the trellis and filled the rest of the paper with words that would
make sense. When his friend received it, he put his trellis over the writing and read the secret message.
B. Differences between Codes and Ciphers
C. History of Codes and Ciphers
D. Inventors of Codes and Ciphers
B. You could read some words in Geronimo" s letter without his trellis.
C. The first person who ever used a cipher in history was Julius Caesar.
D. Fondness of using codes was the hobby of the scientists in the 16th century.
B. a secret message with a lot of small holes
C. a letter with unreadable words and sentences
D. a sheet of paper with groups of Arabic figures
B. commercial secrets
C. scientific achievements
D. personal enjoyment
In the US, people prefer waiting for a table to sitting with people they don"t know. This means a hostess
may not seat a small group until a small table is available. even if a large one is. If you are sitting at a table with
people you don"t know, it is impolite to light up a cigarette without asking if it will disturb them.
At American restaurants and coffee shops you are usually served tap water (自来水) before you order.
You may find the bread and butter is free, and if you order coffee, you may get a free refill.
Most cities and towns have no rules about opening and closing time for stores or restaurants, though they
usually do make rules for bars. Especially in large cities. stores may be open 24 hours a day.
Serving in restaurants is often large. too large for many people. If you can"t finish your meal but would like
to enjoy the food later. ask your waitress or waiter for a" doggie bag". It may have a picture of a dog on it, but
everybody knows you"re taking the food for yourself.
Supper and dinner are both words for the evening meal. Some people have"Sunday dinner". This is an
especially big noon meal.
Tips are not usually added to the check. They are not included in the price of the meal, either. A tip of about 15％ is expected and you should leave it On the table when you leave. In some restaurants, a check is brought
on a plate and you put your money there. Then the waiter or waitress brings you your change.
B. A hostess always seats a small group at a large table.
C. American people never sit with people they don"t know.
D. American people will not light a cigarette if the people who sit at the same table mind their smoking.
B. Butter.
C. Coffee.
D. Cold water.
B. They leave the food on the table and go away.
C. They take the food home with a"doggie bag" and enjoy the food later.
D. They ask the waitress or waiter to keep the food for them.
B. The price of the meal usually includes the tip.
C. People are not expected to pay tips in addition.
D. Tips are supposed to be left on the table when customers leave.
fashion TV screens, radio programs, magazines, newspapers, and the streets. Whether they have realized it
or not, women are surrounded (包围) by a sea of fashion. They are taught to think that without beautiful
clothes they will grow old and lose their charm. So who dares to neglect dressing up at the cost of their
appearance and youth?
But I do not agree with the opinion that women have to show their beauty through their looks. The
richness of their minds proves to be more beautiful and attractive than their looks. A woman who has
experienced many troubles and may be called"aunt" or "granny" can still keep up her beauty if she has such
excellent qualities as knowledge, ability, a kind heart, great courage, concern for others, etc.
In addition, old and young, beautiful and ugly are relative concept. People who keep a young mind will
never feel old. Interested in new things and eager to learn more, they keep up with the tide. Plainly (简朴地)
dressed women may have a type of beauty that is pure and real. Reading and learning is the best way to keep
one youthful. Good books ale rich soil which can feed the flower of one"s heart and looks.
B. Because they are taught to follow any fashion.
C. Because they don"t dare to look attractive.
D. Because they think that they will look youthful and charming with beautiful clothes.
B. Looks.
C. Following the fashion.
D. Wealth.
B. A woman who may be called "aunt" is no longer beautiful.
C. A woman who has experienced many troubles may still keep up her beauty.
D. It is not necessary for women to show their beauty though their beautiful clothes.
B. Reading and learning.
C. Feeding the flower.
D. Making up.
The majority(=Most) of your readers must have been surprised and shocked to read a letter from Mr.R.
Hogg, published in last Wednesday"s Herald. Mr. Hogg seems to think that his own convenience and that of
motorists in general are the only things that matter in our city.
I would have supported Mr. Hogg if he had just made suggestions to improve the situation. No doubt his
problems would be partly solved if the local government built a multi-storey car park in the city center, instead
of encouraging motorists to use public transport. All the same, judging from the tone of Mr. Hogg"s letter, I
suspect that motorists who are so careless of pedestrians" (行人) safety that they would rather park their ears
on the pavement than hold up the traffic would probably be too lazy to use a multi-storey car park if they had
to walk a few hundred yards to their destination afterwards.
My main reason for writing, however, is much more important. Does Mr.Hogg realize that, according to
figures (数字) showed by the Department of Transport,13,000 people were knocked down in Britain last year
because of ears being illegally parked either on the pavement or on crossings? In fact, although the total
pedestrian casualty (伤亡事故) rate has fallen over the last ten years, there has been an increase in accidents
caused when pedestrians have to step out into the mad to avoid parked cars on the pavement and cannot see
oncoming traffic.
I cannot share Mr. Hogg"s view that the government have paid little attention to "long-suffering motorists"
:and I think the punishment for dangerous parking should be made severe enough to stop all motorists from
breaking the law in this way. A WALKER, Proudfoot Lane,Carchester
B. a certain Mr.R.Hogg
C. some readers
D. some motorists
B. building a multi-storey car park in the city center
C. public transport
D. the increase in accidents caused by parked cars on the pavement
B. careless parking may cause serious traffic accidents
C. the convenience of motorists in general matters much
D. the safety of pedestrians matters lithe
B. all the law breakers
C. all who step out into the road
D. all who do dangerous parking
studies sometimes not successful? Well, friends, cheer up and smile all the time. If you see the world with
your warm heart, you"ll find that the whole world smiles to you. While in school, sometimes you are tired
of your lessons, but have you ever noticed the happy smile on your teacher"s face when you did a good job?
One day it is fine. Just before you go out, it suddenly starts to rain. Maybe you would feel very sad and
start to complain about the weather. Butfriends, why don"t you sit down and listen to the free concerts that
the nature offers you? And with the timely (及时地) rain, crops in the fields will grow better and better and
farmers will have a good harvest.
Although everyone wants to succeed in what he tries to do, sometimes failure can"t be avoided. I think
failure is not terrible, and the terrible thing is that we are afraid of it and give up hope. When we face failure,
we must be confident (信心) in ourselves, draw a useful lesson from it and try our best to finish what we
have decided to do. As a popular saying goes,"Failure is the mother of success".
Attitude (态度) decides everything. With an optimistic (乐观) attitude life is easy and pleasant. Let"s smile
to whatever we meet and the whole world will smile to us.
B. their studies are successful
C. they see the world with their heart
D. life is tiring
B. shouldn"t be afraid of it
C. shouldn"t give up hope
D. All of the above
B. Complaining about Life
C. Failure is the Mother of Success
D. It is Very Hard to Succeed
suggestions.
Put a smoke alarm in the house. Smoke from a fire causes the alarm to go off. The alarm makes a loud
sound. The sound tells everyone to leave the house at once.
Make escape (逃脱) plan. They should know all the ways out of the house. If there is a fire, everyone
follows the plan to get out. Part of the plan is to check all the windows to make sure they can be opened
easily.
Buy fire extinguishers(灭火器) in the house. Everyone in the family should know how to use them.
Practice for a fire. They do fire practice because they teach children about fire safety. Ever yone in the
family should know the following fire rules:
＊ Don"t open a hot door! The fire can grow more quickly if you open the door.
＊ Stay close to the floor! Smoke can be more dangerous than the fire. The best air is near the floor
because smoke rises.
＊ What will you do if your hair or clothes start to burn? First, Stop! Don"t run! The fire burns faster
because of more air. Drop! Fall to the floor. Then roll! Turning over and over will make the fire go out. Put
a blanket(毯子) around you to keep air away from the fire that may still be on you.
There are many possible causes for fires. A wise family is ready all the time. If there is a fire, don"t forget
to call 119 for help.
B. they make escape plans
C. they buy fire extinguishers
D. they use electrical cookers
B. Stop, drop, roll
C. Run, drop, roll
D. Roll, drop, stop
B. The Causes of a Fire
C. Learn to Use a Fire Extinguishers
D. Be Ready For a Fire
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