题目
题型：浙江省模拟题难度：来源：
, including an increasing death rate due to inbreeding (同系繁殖), and the conflict between the need to
expand natural habitats and local communities" economic interests, bird experts have warned.
The crested ibis, once widespread in Japan, China, Russia and the Korean Peninsula, almost became
extinct in the first half of the 20th century.
Before 1981, when seven crested ibis were accidentally found in Yangxian county, in Northwest
China"s Shaanxi province, academics thought the species had been extinct in China for almost 17 years.
Due to the huge effort put into species protection since 1981, the number of crested ibis in China has
risen to an estimated 1,617, including 997 in the wild, the State Forestry Administration said at a meeting
on crested ibis protection in Xi"an on Monday.
However, although the ibis population exceeds 1,000, the birds are still not free from the threat of
extinction, said Fang Shengguo, director of the State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of
Endangered Wildlife at Zhejiang University.
Ornithologists used inbreeding in the early stages of protection so that numbers of the precious birds
could increase quickly, but that method had consequences, Fang said.
"Studies have proved that as a result of inbreeding, crested ibis have the lowest genetic diversity of all
endangered birds," Fang said.
"It means a high death rate and more physical defects for hatched chicks."
The government should collect genetic information from all crested ibis and establish a genetic
database as soon as possible, then design a scientific mating plan for the species, Fang said.
So far, about 90 percent of crested ibis live in Shaanxi province, and fewer than 140 ibis live in three zoos
in other parts of the country, including Beijing Zoo, according to Liu Dongping, an assistant researcher at the National Bird Banding Center of China, which is affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Forestry.
The bird has lost the ability to migrate, he said, adding that if an unexpected natural disaster occurred
in Shaanxi province or an infectious disease spread through the area, the ibis population could be greatly
reduced.
Experts also warned that the increased population of ibis, whether in the wild or in captivity, requires
a larger and more varied natural habitat.
Rampant hunting, the massive loss of habitat caused by deforestation and the overuse of pesticides,
which killed aquatic (水生的) insects on which the ibis feed, are believed to be the main reasons for the
sharp reduction in the ibis population before 1981.
So, in 1983, a State-level natural reserve was set up in Shaanxi province to protect the bird. But the
struggle for living space between human and animal has never stopped, said Lu Baozhong, deputy
director of the Shaanxi Crested Ibis Conservation Station.
"For example, ibis often look for loaches in farmers" rice fields. Sometimes their claws trample the rice
seedlings. In another case, villagers discovered some land with abundant mineral resources which
happened to be a habitat for ibis," said Lu, who has devoted 30 years to ibis protection.
A long-term win-win solution for ibis and local communities needs to be developed, one that would
provide ecological compensation for local residents, Lu said.
B. New Problems for the Crested Ibis
C. The Way to Save the Crested Ibis
D. The Reason for the Crested Ibis"s Extinction
B. Before 1981, the crested ibis was extinct in China.
C. The crested ibis is now free from the threat of extinction.
D. Most of the crested ibis are in Shaanxi province.
B. The persons in the State Forestry Administration
C. The persons who keep the birds
D. The persons who kill the birds
B. To increase the number of the crested ibis.
C. To get more physical defects for hatched chicks.
D. To have the lowest diversity of the endangered bird.
B. economic development
C. over hunting
D. sandstorm
B. Scientists will choose a better habitat for the crested ibis.
C. The problems of the crested ibis have not been solved now.
D. The government has established a genetic database of the crested ibis.
答案
核心考点
试题【阅读理解。 XI"AN - China"s conservation work for the endangered crested ibis (朱鹮)】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
Wing-wah Yam says she could not have done it without the backing of her family.
The road to scientific discovery is tougher for women than for men and Professor Vivian Wing-wah
Yam says she couldn"t have succeeded without such a supportive family. The 47-year-old from Hong
Kong University was one of five women scientists, from each continent, to receive the 2011
L"Oreal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards at a ceremony on March 3, at UNESCO
Headquarters in Paris. It is the 13th edition of the award since 1998.
Yam"s long and fruitful research on solving the energy problem won her the prize for Asia and the
Pacific. There are several renewable and sustainable(可持续的) energy solutions, like solar power,
which could provide an unlimited source of energy. Some problems must be resolved, however, such as
the low efficiency of solar cells and their high supply costs. Yam and her colleagues hope to overcome
these problems by developing and testing new photoactive(光敏的) materials.
She became the third Chinese women scientist honored with the so-called "woman"s Nobel Prize"
award, after Professor Li Fanghua from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003, and Professor Ye
Ruyu from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in 2004.
"People think chemists are bad guys, but we are the good guys," Yam said in a humorous aside
before explaining her research project on photoactive materials in an earlier speech at L"Institut de
France. For Yam, chemistry is science, but also an art. Amazed by the universe, nature and color in her
childhood, Yam decided on a career in chemistry. "One of the beauties of chemistry is the ability to
create new molecules and chemical species. I have always associated chemists with artists, creating new
things with innovative(革新的) ideas," Yam said.
As a mother of two daughters, 12 and 14, Yam said she is lucky to have been supported by her
family. She was inspired as a child by her father, a professor in the Civil Engineering Faculty at Hong
Kong University. Yam added her husband, Mak Shingtat, a PhD in chemistry, who accompanied Yam
to the awards ceremony, was also fully supportive of her work. "I can"t imagine how my career could
move on without his understanding and support," she said. "I often stay late at night in the laboratory. He
always waits for me outside."
Yam received her bachelor and PhD degrees from the University of Hong Kong (HKU). She taught
at City Polytechnic of Hong Kong before joining HKU as a faculty member, and headed the chemistry
department for two terms from 2000 to 2005. At 38, she was the youngest member elected to the
Chinese Academy of Sciences. She is also a Fellow of TWAS, the Academy of Sciences for the
Developing World, and was awarded the State Natural Science Award and the Royal Society of
Chemistry (RSC) Centenary Medal. 2011 is the 100th anniversary of Marie Curie"s second Nobel Prize,
coinciding (一致的)with the International Year of Chemistry. Today, Curie is still a role model for women
in science.
Although the participation of women in science, is promoted by UNESCO, notably through
L"Oreal-UNESCO, there are still too few women doing high-level science, says UNESCO
Director-General Irina Bokova. The latest UNESCO report shows less than 40 percent of countries
provide girls and boys equal access to education.
Each year, the L"Oreal-UNESCO For Women in Science Award recognizes 15 young women
from all over the world, especially developing countries, to encourage and finance their studies. More
than 200 young women scientists are currently supported. "I do not think there is a difference between
men and women in terms of their intellectual abilities and research capabilities (能力)," Yam said. "As
long as one has the passion, dedication and determination to pursue research wholeheartedly, one can
excel regardless of one"s gender or background."
Yam said some young women, who require stability and security, often have to give up their research
because of family pressures. "The only way for women to succeed in science is to get the mental and
material support from family and society. There is a day-care center at my university, and my husband
and mother-in-law help a lot with the housework, so I am able to spend my time on research," she said.
"I have two young daughters, and it is too early to tell whether or not they want to pursue careers in
science. But, I will encourage them to always defend their ideas. To remain determined, and to never be
afraid of failure - this is the advice that they will need to succeed in realizing their dreams."
Yam also acknowledged her colleague"s support, at the awards ceremony. "This (award) not only
recognizes me, but my colleagues and students and my country, China."
B. equal to Women"s Nobel Prize
C. held for more than 14 times
D. only to in honour of Marie Curie
B. She was amazed by the universe, nature and color in her childhood.
C. She wanted to find the beauties of chemistry.
D. She was encouraged by her supportive family.
B. Their passion, dedication and determination are the same.
C. Women require stability and security.
D. Women can"t get the mental and material support from family and society.
B. doing research and test on new photoactive materials
C. inventing an unlimited resource
D. finding solutions on renewable and sustainable energy
B. be willing to accept sb/sth as valid or approve
C. show appreciation by giving an honor or award
D. know sb/sth again
B. Tthe co-work from her students.
C. The help from her colleagues
D. The support from her family
accent, Dashan has become a famous name across China.
People have always wondered how the Canadian can be so good at the Chinese language. It is
considered by many people as one of the most difficult languages in the world. But to Dashan, the great
difficulty was a piece of cake because of his deep interest, proper ways and the good environment he
made for himself.
“Interest is the best teacher.” Deeply interested in Chinese culture, Dashan decided to study in
Beijing. When he entered the Chinese Department of Beijing University in 1988, Dashan felt like a duck
in water. Study is a hard job, no matter how much interest you have. Therefore, effective ways are
necessary. As a new student, he did study the textbooks. However, that’s not enough to learn the
Chinese language well. Dashan began to read original（原版）Chinese novels, Chinese newspapers
and even works of Deng Xiaoping. “Only the material for Chinese native readers could give me a proper
sense of the language,” he said. “What you have really learned depends on what you can use. To listen
and speak as much as possible does help.”
To help Chinese English learners, Dashan took part in a VCD program-Travel with Dashan-to teach
daily and up-to-date English in real life situations.
B. his practiced skills on Chinese expressions
C. his interest and proper ways
D. his special humour with a Beijing accen
B. an easy thing
C. a difficult thing
D. an exciting thing
B. he hoped to learn more information of it
C. he wanted to give himself a proper sense of Chinese
D. they are very popular in modern times
B. how we can master a foreign language in a short time
C. Dashan took part in a VCD program to teach English
D. try to learn English like Dashan, and you will succeed
richer you are the less compassionate you are
In a study just published in the journal Emotion, psychologist Jennifer Stellar sought to determine the
empathic (感情移入的) capacities of a group of 300 college students, who had been hand-selected for
maximum economic diversity. As a rule, college students have just one income level: poor. Stellar thus
chose her subjects based on the income of the people who respond to the requests and write the checks:
the parents.
In the first of three experiments, she had 148 of her subjects fill out reports how often they experience
emotions such as joy, love, compassion and horror. She also had them agree or disagree with statements
like "I often notice people who need help." When the numbers on these lists were processed, Stellar
found no meaningful personality differences among the students that could be attributable to income
except one: across the board, the lower the subjects" family income, the higher their score on compassion.
The second study involved 64 subjects who watched two videos - an emotionally neutral instructional
video on construction techniques, and a far more charged one that involved real families coping with a
cancer-stricken child. Again, the subjects filled out emotional lists and again they scored similarly. But the
lower-income volunteers continued to come out higher on the compassion-and-empathy scale.
During this study, Stellar also used heartbeat monitors to determine their physical reactions to the two
videos. There was, not surprisingly, no difference in heart rate when the instructional video was playing,
but when the cancer stories began, the heartbeats of the lower-income volunteers slowed noticeably-a
counterintuitive (违反直觉的) sign of caring. An immediate threat to ourselves or another causes heart
rate to jump, the better to snap into action to respond to the danger. An emotional crisis can have the
opposite physical effect on observers - helping them settle down to provide the quieter attention that
simply listening and comforting requires.
In the final part of the study, 106 of the participants were paired off and told to interview each other
as if they were applying for a position as lab manager. So that the subjects would have real skin in the
game, the ones who performed best in the interviews - as judged by Stellar- would win a cash prize. All
of the subjects reported feeling the same levels of stress or anxiety when they were being interviewed,
but only the lower-income subjects were reliably able to detect the same feelings in their partner when the
roles were reversed.
So does this mean the rich really can"t feel the poor? A low score on the compassion scale doesn"t
mean a lack of capacity for the feeling, Stellar argues. It may just mean a lack of experience
observing-and tending to - the hardship others. Perhaps that helps explain why so many wealthy college
kids find their way into the Peace Corps and other volunteer groups.
B. Stellar carefully chose 300 college students according their personal income level.
C. The rich really lacks the ability to feel pity for the poor.
D. All the 3 experiments proved the same result.
B. They are talking to someone they admire so much.
C. They are trapped in a building suddenly on fire.
D. They find someone is injured in an accident on the road.
B. The lower-income subjects win the cash prize.
C. The interviewers are stressed and anxious when interviewing others.
D. Both the interviewers and interviewees know the feelings in each other.
B. on the opposite
C. from one side to the other
D. for instance
B. Hate money? Then try to be low-income
C. Got money? Then you might lack sympathy
D. Too much money? Come to experience hardships
a teacher"s 1 as he or she tries to teach your kids? Did you ever wonder what the teacher 2 from
you, the parents?
Parents can be 3 or suspicious. They can be of great help to the teacher 4 be in need of help
themselves. Some teachers think parents are too 5 on their children. Here is 6 one teacher puts it.
"I usually have the 7 of parents coming in and 8 me how much they care about the kids"
education and how they really 9 their kids. They tell me they stand and 10 them closely when they
do their homework. Sometimes they 11 offer help with the kids" lessons as if they were teachers. They check their school work, and are too sensitive to 12 . They blame the kids on everything having to do
13 school. When a parent asks me how his or her kid is getting on in my class, my answer usually is"
Well, you know, he is 14 a good kid. He is fine in my class. Maybe you don"t have to be so 15
with your kid.""
Teachers want parents to know that they are professionals at 16 with children. They have
17 many children and even parents. Because of this, teachers can be 18 at educating children.
Teachers are 19 that parents want their children to do well, but they know more about what children
should be able to do at different ages and 20 .
( )2. A. reflects
( )3. A. effective
( )4. A. but
( )5. A. hard
( )6. A. where
( )7. A. problems
( )8. A. advising
( )9. A. help with
( )10. A. connect
( )11. A. even
( )12. A. marks
( )13. A. at
( )14. A. nearly
( )15. A. satisfied
( )16. A. working
( )17. A. fed
( )18. A. pleased
( )19. A. content
( )20. A. stages
B. results
B. attentive
B. or
B. keen
B. how
B. contracts
B. examining
B. deal with
B. guide
B. already
B. efforts
B. beyond
B. really
B. careful
B. playing
B. observed
B. worried
B. doubtful
B. classes
C. benefits
C. supportive
C. thus
C. dependent
C. when
C. accidents
C. telling
C. make up
C. watch
C. still
C. pains
C. in
C. seldom
C. strict
C. staying
C. attended
C. disappointed
C. aware
C. schools
D. expects
D. positive
D. as
D. crazy
D. why
D. agreements
D. instructing
D. give up
D. inspire
D. merely
D. words
D. with
D. hardly
D. cautious
D. joking
D. greeted
D. experienced
D. suspicious
D. projects
we"ve told this exact tale before to the same person. Why do we make such memory mistakes?
According to the research published in Psychological Science, it may have to do with the way our
brains process different types of memory.
Researchers Nigel Gopie, of the Rotman Research Institute in Toronto, and Colin Macleod, of the
University of Waterloo, divided memory into two kinds. The first was source memory, or the ability to
keep track of where information is coming from. The second was destination memory, or the ability to
recall who we have given information to.
They found that source memory functions better than destination memory, in part because of the
direction in which that information is travelling.
To study the differences between source memory and destination memory, the researchers did an
experiment on 60 university students, according to a New York Times report. The students were asked
to associate (联想) 50 random (随意的) facts with the faces of 50 famous people. Half of the students
"told" each fact to one of the faces, reading it aloud when the celebrity"s (名人的) picture appeared on
a computer screen. The other half read each fact silently and saw a different celebrity picture afterward.
When later asked to recall which facts went with which faces, the students who were giving
information out(destination memory)scored about 16 percent lower on memory performance compared
with the students receiving information(source memory).
The researchers concluded that outgoing information was less associated with its environmental
context (背景)-that is ,the person-than was incoming information.
This makes sense given what is known about attention. A person who is giving information, even little
facts, will devote some mental resources to thinking about what is being said. Because our attention is
limited, we give less attention to the person we are giving information to.
After a second experiment with another group of 40 students, the researchers concluded that selffocus
is another factor that undermines destination memory.
They asked half the students to continue giving out random information, while the other told things
about themselves. This time around, those who were talking about themselves did 15 percent worse than
those giving random information.
"When you start telling these personal facts compared with nonself facts, suddenly destination
memory goes down more, suggesting that it is the selffocus component (成分) that"s reducing the
memory."Gopie told Live Science.
B. say what causes the memory to worsen
C. explain why we repeat stories to those we"ve already told them to
D. discuss the differences between source memory and destination memory
B. One"s limited attention is one of the reasons why those reading aloud to the celebrity"s pictures
perform worse on the memory test.
C. Silent reading is a better way to remember information than reading aloud.
D. It tends to be more difficult for people to link incoming information with its environmental context
than outgoing information.
B. benefits
C. explains
D. supports
B. Focusing attention on oneself leads to relatively poor source memory performance.
C. Associating personal experience with information helps people memorize better.
D. Selffocus is responsible for the reduction of destination memory.
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