题目
题型：不详难度：来源：
The New York Times recently published a report about scientists who are preparing astronauts for a trip to the Moon. The newspaper said the scientists want to make sure that their crews return home in good health. But there are many problems to be solved before people are ready for long trips to the Moon, an asteroid or even the planet Mars.
Humans developed on a planet with a surface that is more than 70 percent water. Our bodies are also about 70 percent water. When there is no gravity that water moves up toward the head, raising pressure in the skull. Arms and legs grow weaker at what is called zero gravity because they no longer need to push against the force of gravity.
Five years ago, astronauts who spent weeks in space reported a change in their eyesight. These astronauts were members of the crew on the International Space Station. Research showed a change in the shape of their eyes. Normally-round eyeballs had become flat during time in space. The research also showed that the right eye was affected more than the left, and that men were more affected than women. Scientists could not find an explanation for the differences.
Bone loss was one of the problems first reported by astronauts returning to Earth after longer stays in space. So scientists designed exercise machines to use on the space station. Tests showed that the exercise equipment helped space travelers keep their bones almost as strong as when they left Earth.
There are other health issues for astronauts who spend a long time in space. They may have problems eating and sleeping. But the biggest health issue is exposure to radiation. On Earth, human beings are protected by the atmosphere and the planet"s magnetic field. In outer space, there is no such protection.
小题1:What is the main idea of the passage？
| A．Long periods in space will affect the health of astronauts. |
| B．Scientists are trying to find out how to protect astronauts. |
| C．Space is dangerous to human beings. |
| D．People shouldn’t explore space. |
| A．Arms and legs grow stronger at what is called zero gravity |
| B．Blood moves up toward the head. |
| C．Pressure in the skull will be raised. |
| D．All of the above. |
| A．bone loss | B．loss of water | C．eyesight | D．exposure to radiation |
| A．To make sure that their crews return home in good health. |
| B．To help astronauts keep their bones almost as strong as when they left Earth. |
| C．To help astronauts get ready for long trips to the Moon, an asteroid or even the planet Mars. |
| D．To let astronauts adapt to the environment of space. |
| A．The biggest health issue is exposure to Sunshine. |
| B．Research showed a change in the size of their eyes. |
| C．The right eye was affected less than the left. |
| D．Men were more affected than women. |
答案
小题1:A
小题2:C
小题3:B
小题4:B
小题5:D
解析
试题分析：文章介绍的是长时间在太空里会对宇航员的健康造成危害。具体谈论了有那些危害，是怎么造成的，怎么解决这样的问题。
小题1:主旨题：从第一段的句子：But scientists are warning that space exploration for long periods is not going to be easy. They say the human body is not designed to stay in space over an extended period.可知这篇文章讲的是长时间在太空里会对宇航员的健康造成危害。选A。
小题2:细节题：从第三段的句子：When there is no gravity that water moves up toward the head, raising pressure in the skull. Arms and legs grow weaker at what is called zero gravity because they no longer need to push against the force of gravity.可知在太空中人的头骨的压力会增加。A项错在腿和膀子会变弱，B项错在是水分会到头脑里面，所以选C
小题3:细节题：从文章的内容：可知在太空太长时间，会导致骨质疏松，视力问题和暴露于辐射，而没有说会脱水，选B
小题4:细节题：从文章倒数第二段的句子：Tests showed that the exercise equipment helped space travelers keep their bones almost as strong as when they left Earth.
可知科学家设计在太空站的运动设备，是想帮助宇航员保持骨头和离开地球时一样强健，选B
小题5:细节题：从文章第五段的句子：and that men were more affected than women.可知在太空对男性的影响比对女性的影响大，选D
核心考点
试题【Human beings have a natural desire to explore the unknown. People with a strong 】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
First, improvements started with the change in the relationship between the school and students to create a caring atmosphere at the school. Using the “Capturing Kids’ Hearts” strategies, school leadership and teachers began building a trusting environment and students and families described seeing changes aimed at improving student outcomes and ensuring the success of every student. The school day was altered to add more options for students to obtain additional credits toward graduation. Students and teachers were grouped into “houses,” so that smaller groups of teachers and counselors(辅导员)could create one-on-one relationships with students. Teachers and counselors said that the altered school day provides time to address student’s individual concerns and develop individualized learning plans to put every student on a path to graduation.
The school also made changes to encourage parents to support school and encourage real dialogues between parents and the teachers and leaders at Western. Funded in part through the United Way, the school created a family engagement center to get parents more involved in their children’s education, particularly parents of English language learners. Parents like Ally Gaona and Martha Mendez told me that they had a voice and the tools to engage in their children’s learning and that they recognize that the main responsibility for their children’s learning must rest with the parents. Parents were passionate about these positive changes and said that these changes signaled to the entire the community that the school was serious about family engagement.
小题1:What is the main purpose of the passage?
| A．To attract people to the school. |
| B．To talk about the school reforms. |
| C．To introduce the school |
| D．To introduce the relationship between the school and students. |
| A．Two | B．Three | C． Four | D．Five |
| A．provide time to address student’s individual concerns. |
| B．add more options for students to obtain additional credits toward graduation.. |
| C．create one-on-one relationships with students. |
| D．develop individualized learning plans to put every student on a path to graduation. |
| A．Parents didn’t support the reforms. |
| B．The reforms intended to improve student outcomes and ensure the success of every student. |
| C．The school asked parents to donate their money. |
| D．the school was not serious about family engagement. |
Geography is an important tool for learning and understanding history. Geography affects history—just look at the changes in world geography over recent years. Governments change, and __ _ countries were born.Many countries no longer have the same names they _ __even five years ago. Climate changes _ ___events such as droughts(干旱) and floods that cause lots of loss of life and the movements of people from one place to another in search of_ __. Environmental changes can change the entire __ __of a community or region.
As with history, children have a natural interest in_ __. Watch a group of children playing in the sand. One child makes streets for his cars, _ __ a second child builds houses along the_ __.A third scoops out a hole and_ ___ the dirt to make a hill, then pours water in the _ __ to make a lake, using sticks for _ __. The children name the streets, and __ __ may even use a watering can to make_ __ that washes away a house. They may not realize it, _ ___these children are learning some core features(核心特征)of geography—how people interact with the Earth, how climate _ __land, and how places _ __each other through the movement of things from one place to another. Turning to maps or globes, When we talk with our children about vacation plans, events ___around the world or historical events, we teach them a great deal about geography. Not only can such activities help our children learn how to use key reference tools,__ _ over time, they help them form their own mental maps of the world, which allows children to better organize and _ ___information about other people, places, times and_ __. Such activities also help our children learn to how to work together in the future.
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Kenyon College
Gambier, Ohio, US
Mike Evans, a principal at Norfolk, Va., design firm Hanbury Evans Wright Vlattas + Company, says to be beautiful a campus must have a “signature campus space as a carrier of the campus brand.” At Kenyon College, that space is “Middle Path,” a 10-foot-wide footpath that serves as the Gothic hilltop campus’ central artery. More than just a trail, it’s a village green for the tight-knit campus community. Sergei Lobanov-Rostovsky, who teaches 17th-century poetry at Kenyon, says the college, both isolated and pastoral, is “a small place to think big thoughts.”
Oxford University
Oxford, England
Teaching within Oxford’s stone walls dates as far back as the 11th century, and the school is considered a paradigm(典范) for all college campuses. With its labyrinth of quads, cloisters, and archways, it evokes elegance and tradition at every turn. “Its monastic roots and the spectacular quality of its buildings make it an architectural wonderland,” says David Mayernik, associate professor at Notre Dame’s School of Architecture.
Princeton University
Princeton, N.J., US
Princeton’s style is pure Collegiate Gothic（学院派哥特式）; most of it executed in gray stone covered in, yes, ivy. As imposing as these old stone structures are, the campus keeps life on a “human scale” by preserving green spaces and walkability.Sinuous footpaths, archways, plazas – all are designed to inspire spontaneous discussion and learning.
Scripps College
Claremont, Calif., US
The total plan of this women’s college, founded in the 1920′s, has always called for artistic connection between buildings and landscape. Together, architect Gordon Kaufmann, in collaboration with landscape architect Edward Huntsman-Trout, created a distinctively Southern Californian blend of Mission Revival-inspired architecture and landscape, which is lovely, evocative and intact. An expert in deciduous trees, Trout planted rows of liquid amber trees to give the students “a sense of autumn” come fall. He also peppered the campus with tulip trees, sycamores, almond and orange trees, as well as rare shrubs.
Stanford University
Palo Alto, Calif., US
New additions like the Science and Engineering Quad manage to gracefully blend modern and technological elements with the timeless, elegant aesthetics of the campus’ early California Mission Revival architecture. The campus also scores big points for its dramatic entrance via Palm Drive, its romantic Spanish red-tile roofs and myriad patches of green.
Tsinghua University
Beijing, China
Forbe’s panel of architects says natural setting plays a big part in assessing a campus’ beauty. In that regard, this campus is blessed: Founded in 1925, Tsinghua sits on the former site of the Qing Dynasty’s royal gardens. Many of Beijing’s most notable historical sites, like the Summer Palace, are close by. The campus is peppered with artificial ponds where stone benches and floating lotus blossoms inspire reflection.
小题1:In this text, the writer mentioned many best-looking campuses in the world. How many Universities are in America?
| A．Six. | B．Three. | C．Four. | D．Five. |
| A．Oxford University. | B．Stanford University. |
| C．Scripps College. | D．Princeton University. |
| A．Tsinghua University | B．Oxford University |
| C．Princeton University | D．Kenyon College |
| A．Entertainment. | B．Education. | C．Culture. | D．Health. |
| A．because the amber trees give the students “a sense of autumn” come fall. |
| B．because the artistic connects between buildings and landscape. |
| C．because its natural setting plays a big part. |
| D．because it is founded in 1925. |
One such fish is the stout longtom（尖嘴魚 ）. The group it belongs to carries a more appropriate name: the needlefish. All needlefish lack stomachs. Their ancestors had them, but later they were lost.
The stout longtom can reach 1.3 meters in length, and lives near the sea surface. Like all needlefish, it can jump out of the water to escape its enemies. Tropical(热带) fishermen are sometimes injured by needlefish. In 1977, a 10-year-old Hawaiian boy was killed when a needlefish jumped through his brain. The longtom eats smaller fish. Its teeth are not good at cutting fish into pieces, so it swallows fish whole.
Ryan Day from Australia and his colleagues wanted to know how the longtom digests its meaty meals without a stomach, so they ran some chemical tests about the fish.
Day’s results show that the longtom can consume food without the help of a stomach. It uses a special material called trypsin（胰岛素） that can break down proteins without acid — although the approach is less efficient than using a stomach.
Because it’s a meat-eating animal, the longtom gets a lot of protein in its food, so it can afford this slightly less efficient system for absorbing it. Two plant-eating fish that Day studies actually had higher levels of trypsin in their body, as their food was low in protein.
Day thinks that the longtom and its stomachless relatives might actually have arrived at an energy-saving solution. He says that although the stomach is critical to many kinds of animal, the organ is “a fairly expensive organ to run”. This perhaps explains why some animals have got rid of theirs.
小题1:What does the underlined phrase “get by” mean?
| A．Live. | B．Fight. | C．Hunt. | D．Recover. |
| A．catches smaller fish in the water |
| B．can jump so high to escape its enemies |
| C．digests the smaller fish in its body |
| D．uses acid to break down the protein |
| A．Acid | B．Trypsin. | C．The stomach. | D．Protein in its body. |
| A．the longtom often waste energy |
| B．the longtom can make acid easily |
| C．the longtom’s high-protein food helps its unique way of consuming food. |
| D．meat-eating fish have higher levels of trypsin in their bodies than plant-eating fish |
Guinness Book did not exist until 1951. Here is what happened. The managing director of Guinness Brewery was a curious man. He wanted answers to some questions about records. For example, he wanted to know what was the fastest flying game bird in Europe. But he was frustrated. There was no book to answer questions like this.
The director, Sir Hugh Beaver, contacted the McWhirter twins. They were brothers who owned a research agency. He asked them to put together a new reference book. It would include all kinds of unusual records. The brothers quickly accepted. The first edition of their book was published in 1955. Soon the Guinness Book of World Records was a best seller. It has sold more copies than any book except the Bible. A new edition is published every year.
Where do all the book"s records come from? They are a combination of things like natural wonders, sports records, and stunts(特技) (How many people would push an egg with their noses if they weren’t trying to get to the book?). But the editors try to keep things honest. All records must be verified by an investigator. Only then are they printed.
The Guinness Book is a big business. It is published in dozens of languages. There are TV shows and museums. It is proof of how interested people are in strange pieces of information.
小题1:The passage is mostly about _____.
| A．the McWhirter twins |
| B．the director Sir Hugh Beaver |
| C．unusual records in the Guinness Book |
| D．a history of the Guinness Book |
| A．is a best seller |
| B．is published only in English |
| C．does not always check its records |
| D．has a full-length movie based on it |
| A．wanted to publish the book so that they set up a research agency |
| B．owned so good a research agency that they liked to help others |
| C．recognizes that Sir Hugh"s idea for a book was a good one |
| D．wanted to know the answers to some questions about records |
| A．questioned | B．proved the truth | C．written up | D．blocked |
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