of lung cancer among smokers. A new study shows that black people and Native Hawaiians are more
likely to develop lung cancer from smoking. It compared their risk to whites, Japanese-Americans and
Latinos.
Researchers at the University of Southern California and the University of Hawaii did the new study.
The New England Journal of Medicine published the findings. The eight-year research studied more than
180,000 people. They included present and former smokers and people who never smoked. Almost
2.000 people in the study developed lung cancer.
Researchers say genetics(遗传学) might help explain the racial and ethnic(种族的) differences.
There could be differences in how people"s bodies react to smoke. But environmental influences,
including the way people smoke, could also make a difference.
African-Americans and Latinos in the study are reported smoking the fewest cigarettes per day.
Whites are the heaviest smokers. But the scientists point out that blacks have been reported to breathe
cigarette smoke more deeply than white smokers. This could fill their lungs with more of the chemicals
in tobacco that cause cancer.
Scientists know that some diseases effect different groups differently. And some drug companies
have begun to develop racially targeted(针对) medicines. Last June, the United States Food and Drug
Administration approved a drug designed to treat heart failure in black patients. The name is BiDil. The
agency called it "a step toward the promise of personalized medicine."
B.Africans-Americans-Latinos
C.Asians-Native Hawaiians
D.Africans-Americans-Native Hawaiians
B.the living style or habit of the blacks
C.the depth of cigarette smoke into their lungs
D.the physical strength to react to cigarette smoke
B.the black and white people
C.the Asians and Hawaiians
D.smokers and non-smokers
B.tell the readers that racial differences exist in smokers
C.show a big step people have taken in the medicine area
D.support the idea that it is easy for blacks to have cancers
B.Race has nothing to do with the risk of having a lung cancer.
C.The research was started by the New England Journal of Medicine.
D.The risk of lung cancer lies I how much a person smokes.
old, short and tall, thin and fat. It is everybody"s second language. It is easy to understand, although you
can"t hear it. It is sign language.
When you wave to a friend who is across the street, you are using sign language. When you smile at someone, you are saying, "I want to be friendly", but you are not using speech. You are using sign language. When you raise your hand in class, you are saying, "Please ask me. I think I know the correct answer."
Babies who can"t talk can point at things. They are using sign language. A policeman who wants to
stop traffic holds up his hands. He is using sign language.
Many years ago, a French priest, Charles Michel de Epee, became interested in education for deaf
people. He invented a finger alphabet (字母表). It is still in use. People can make the sign for letters and
spell words with their hands, and deaf people can read and understand them. Soon there were schools for the deaf in many countries. The only university for the deaf is Gallaudet College in Washington, D.C.
Today, in the United States, there are special TV news programs for deaf people. The newsreader tells the news in sign language. At the same time, the words appear on the TV screen.
The actors in the Theatre of Deaf don"t spell every word. Sometimes they use hand signs. When they
put two hands together, it means sandwich. They can make a roof with their hands when they want to
show a house. One finger in front of an actor"s mouth can mean quiet. You can talk to people who are
behind windows that are closed. And when you go swimming with your friends, you can have
conversations under water.
How many hand signs do you use every day?
B. It is a way to express one"s ideas without words.
C. It is only used by the deaf.
D. It can be heard.
B. put one hand onto the other
C. smile to the person
D. make a roof with your hands
B. There are schools, colleges and universities for the deaf in the USA.
C. The French priest Charles invented sign language.
D. Even babies are using sign language.
B. the importance of sign language
C. a famous priest in France
D. how to use sign language
The gift of being able to describe a face accurately is a rare one, as every experienced police
officer knows to his cost. As the Lancet put it recently, "When we try to describe faces precisely,
words fail us, and we resort to identikit (拼脸型图) procedures."
Yet, according to one authority on the subject, we can each probably recognize more than
1,000 faces, the majority of which differ in fine details. This, when one comes to think of it, is a
tremendous feat, though, curiously enough, relatively little attention has been devoted to the
fundamental problems of how and why we acquire this gift for recognizing and remembering faces.
Is it an inborn property of our brains, or an acquired one? As so often happens, the experts tend
to differ.
Thus, some argue that it is inborn, and that there are "special characteristics about the brain"s
ability to distinguish faces". In support of this, they note how much better we are at recognizing a
face after a single encounter than we are, for example, in recognizing an individual horse. On the
other hand, there are those, and they are probably in the majority, who claim that the gift is an
acquired one.
The arguments in favor of this latter view, it must be confessed, are impressive. It is a habit that
is acquired soon after birth. Watch, for instance, how a quite young baby recognizes his mother by
sight. Granted that his other senses help - the sound, his sense of smell, the distinctive way she
handles him. But of all these, sight is predominant. Formed at the very beginning of life, the ability
to recognize faces quickly becomes an established habit, and one that is, essential for daily living,
if not necessarily for survival. How essential and valuable it is we probably do not appreciate until
we encounter people who have been deprived of the faculty.
This unfortunate inability to recognize familiar faces is known to all, but such people can often
recognize individuals by their voices, their walking manners or their spectacles. With typical human
ingenuity, many of these unfortunate people overcome their handicap by recognizing other
characteristic features.
B. the ability to recognize faces unhesitatingly is an unusual gift
C. quite a few people can visualize faces they have seen
D. few people can give exact details of the appearance of a face
B. people don"t think much of the problem of how and why we acquire the ability to recognize and
remember faces
C. people don"t realize how essential and valuable it is for them to have the ability to recognize faces
D. people have been arguing much over the way people recognize and remember faces
B. It is acquired soon after birth.
C. It is something we can do from the very moment we are born.
D. It is learned from our environment and experiences.
B. sight is indispensable (必需的) to recognizing individuals
C. the ability to recognize faces is a special inborn ability of the brain
D. the importance of the ability of recognizing faces is fully appreciated by people.
disorder(C.C.D.). Almost half of their worker bees have disappeared during the past season.
C.C.D. has also been reported in Israel, Europe and South America. Bees fly away from the hive
and never return. Sometimes they are found dead; other times they are never found. Many crops
and trees depend on pollination (授粉) by bees to help them grow.
A new report says virus may be at least partly responsible for the disorder in honey bee colonies
in the United States. This virus is called Israeli acute paralysis virus. It was first identified in Israel
in 2004. Ian Lipkin at Columbia University in New York and a team reported the new findings in
Science magazine. Doctor Lipkin says the virus may not be the only cause. He says it may work
with other causes to produce the collapse disorder.
The team found the virus in colonies with the help of a map of honey bee genes that was published
last year. They examined thirty colonies affected by the disorder. They found evidence of the virus
in twenty-five of them, and in one healthy colony. The next step is further testing of healthy hives.
The researchers suggested that the United States may have imported the disorder in bees from
Australia. They say the bees may carry the virus but not be affected.
The idea is that unlike many American bees, the ability of Australian bees to fight disease has no
t been hurt by the varroa mite(全球性的蜂虱). This insect attacks honey bees, which could make
the disorder more likely to affect a hive. Australian bee producers reject these suspicions.
And some researchers suspect that bee production in the United States is down mainly because
of the weather. Honey bees gather nectar(花蜜) from flowers and trees. The sweet liquid gives them
food and material to make honey. But cold weather this spring in the Midwest reduced the flow of
nectar in many flowers. Many bees may have starved. Dry weather in areas of the country could
also be playing a part.
Wayne Esaias is a NASA space agency scientist who keeps bees in his free time. He lives in
central Maryland, where he has found that flowers are blooming a month earlier than they did in
1970, which may be partly responsible for the disorder. Wayne Esaias is organizing a group of
beekeepers to document nectar flow around the country.
B. by researching the causes of bee death
C. with the help of a map of honey bee genes
D. with the help of a scientist of NASA
B. Studies are being carried out on the causes of the bee disorder, but questions remain.
C. How the causes of the bee disorder in U.S have been found.
D. The bee production in U.S is down because of Israeli acute paralysis virus.
B. Four.
C. Five.
D. Six.
B. the solution to the bee disorder will be found eventually
C. American bees are more likely to defend themselves than Australian bees
D. the crop and plant production in U.S may be influenced by the bee disorder
smart phone, according to Apple"s chief executive, Steven P. Jobs, and does certain things better
than both of them, like surfing the Web, reading e-books and playing videos. The iPad went on
sale on April 3, 2010, and Apple said it had shipped 500,000 units in the first week. The handheld
device puts Apple on a direct collision course with the Kindle from Amazon, which Mr. Jobs ever
considered as pioneering the category.
It is common knowledge that media companies hope the iPad will finally lead to available way
for them to charge for news, books and other materials. The half-inch thick, 1.5-pound device
features a 9.7-inch multi-touch screen and is powered by a customized(订制的)Apple microchip,
which is called A4. It has been designed with an exposed screen and without a camera or separate
keyboard. The iPad has the same operating system as the iPhone and also has access to its 140,000
applications.
The price of the device starts at $499 for the most basic model, with a Wi-Fi wireless connection.
More expensive models with more memory and with 3G wireless access will cost $629 to $829,
depending on storage size.
Because Apple is attempting to popularize a new kind of computing device, acceptance among
consumers is expected to be slower than with previous Apple devices. Critics assume that some
buyers are waiting for future versions of the iPad to appear, perhaps with a camera or USB ports
(端口).
On its first day on sale, iPad users downloaded more than one million applications from the
company"s AppStore and more than 250,000 electronic books from its iBookstore. A new wave
of apps is expected in response to the iPad. For an application developer, having an application
accepted for a highly desired Apple product means reaching a passionate group of consumers.
The potential income is huge: the apps market for the iPhone and iPod Touch alone is already
worth a billion dollars a year in sales.
B. is better than a laptop in any function
C. helps Apple to beat Amazon
D. is a "revolutionary" product between a laptop and a smart phone
B. It has a lot of similar features to a laptop.
C. It has a virtual keyboard.
D. It has the fastest Apple microchip.
B. the size of the memory
C. the speed of the microchip
D. the Wi-Fi wireless connection
B. Buyers can improve their iPads with USB devices.
C. The iPad is basically different from conventional computers.
D. The iPad is accepted faster than former Apple products.
B. people would prefer to buy an iPad rather than an iPhone
C. owning an Apple product means that you will be respected
D. the Apple company will make more profit from the iPad
and applies physics, biology, chemistry, geology, engineering, medicine or any other science?
We all know that science plays an important role in our societies. However, many people
believe that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. The first aspect is the
application of the machines, products and systems of knowledge that scientists and technologists
develop. The second is the application of the special methods of thought and action that scientists
use in their work.
What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful
scientist is curious - he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually pays
attention to problems which he notices have no satisfying explanation, and looks for relationships
even if the data available seem to be unconnected.Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing
conditions and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves.
He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective and uses the facts he observes to the
fullest. For example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star
mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum(光谱).
He does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available.
He rejects authority as the only basis for truth.Scientists always check statements and make
experiments carefully and objectively.
Furthermore, he does not readily accept his own idea, since he knows that man is the least
reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb objective investigation.
Lastly, he is full of imagination since he often has to look for relationships in data which are
not only complex but also frequently incomplete.Furthermore, he needs imagination if he wants
to guess how processes work and how events take place.
These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks and
acts.
B. more than one aspect
C. technology only
D. the use of machines
B. He is interested in problems that are explained.
C. He makes efforts to investigate potential connections.
D. He looks for new ways of acting.
B. easily criticize others" research work
C. always use his imagination in work
D. always use evidence from observation
B. Objective.
C. Unclear.
D. Prejudiced.
B. Progress in modem society.
C. Scientists" ways of thinking and acting.
D. How to become a successful scientist.
- 1如图为生态系统碳循环过程图解,图中的甲、乙、丙所代表的生物类群分别是( )A.生产者、消费者、分解者B.消费者、生产者
- 2(8分)X、Y、Z和W代表原子序数依次增大的四种短周期元素,它们满足以下条件:①它们的电子层数之和为10;②Z、W元素的
- 32013年12月,中共中央组织部在《关于改进地方党政领导班子和领导干部政绩考核工作的通知》中指出,要根据干部的德才素质、
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- 9已知函数y=f(n)满足f(n)=,则f(3)=( )。
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- 1阅读下面材料,根据自己的感悟和联想,写一篇不少于800字的文章。(60分)2013年在网络上被戏称为“史上最难就业年”。
- 2The lost treasure was found __________ in the trash.[ ]A
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- 9— Putting on a happy face not only helps us make friends but
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