题目
题型：四川省同步题难度：来源：
One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.
Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in
Sweden did the study.
They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner"s
Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The
students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain
equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the
punisher. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation.
The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that
rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings. The group with the
most punishment earned twentyfive percent less than the group with the least punishment. The study
appeared last month in the journal Science.
The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on
violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred
children were aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were
aged five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results
with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children
whose parents did not.
The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than
those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points. The more they are
spanked, the slower their mental development is.
1. According to the first study, we mainly infer that________.
A. the game is called Prisoner"s Dilemma
B. the less a group punished itself, the lower its earnings
C. adults are much more cooperative if rewarded
D. the game is introduced in the journal Science
2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the second study?
A. Children"s IQs have much to do with physical punishment.
B. The study is about violence and abuse of children.
C. The children tested were divided into groups of four.
D. Children"s mental development only relies on their IQs.
3. What does the underlined word "spanked" refer to?
A. Punished.
B. Blamed.
C. Tested.
D. Praised.
4. What might be the best title for the text?
A. The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior
B. Punishment Is the Best Way of Education
C. Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior
D. Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?
答案
核心考点
试题【阅读理解 Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to in】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
old.
More and more companies are beginning to create products and services for tweenagers. The
Disney company sells music and film to tweenagers and their parents. You can get everything from
branded lunchboxes and mobile phone covers, to monthly fan magazines and clothing. It"s all about sales, which suggests that tweenagers must have more money, freedom and influence upon their parents than
they"ve ever had before.
Most kids in the UK today get more pocket money than kids did a decade ago.Parents have more
money to give their kids than previously, since parents are having fewer children. In addition, the divorce
rate in the UK is continually rising and parents spend less time with their children than they used to, so
many parents try to compensate by buying presents for their children. It"s a bad habit for both parents
and kids to get into, but parents are under constant pressure from commercial marketing and the pleas
of their children.
UK kids today are very media and computer literate. A lot of kids have a TV, if not a computer, in
their bedrooms. They have access to much more information about life and the world. They may have
experienced a lot in life as well, since 24% of UK kids live in singleparent families, so people now say
that "kids are getting older younger". With such maturity at such a young age, it"s no wonder tweenagers
are able to influence their parents and have more freedom than previous generations.
UK tweenagers never used to be worried about spending money on clothes. That"s changed. Now,
they are much more fashion conscious and concerned about their image. Many tweenagers outgrow the
bright colours and fashions of their tweenage years and go for something darker and more rebellious.
Surely none of the above is a good thing. The UK government is certainly concerned, and for that reason
has strict laws preventing companies from explicitly marketing their products and services at children.
B. Because children have more money to buy them.
C. Because it is better to study music from an early age.
D. Because more companies are creating products and services.
B. parents have more expectation of kids
C. more and more parents divorce nowadays
D. kids know how to make money
B. they know more information than kids before
C. they become mature at a younger age
D. they have a lot of experience in life
B. To introduce a new phenomenon.
C. To urge parents to care about their kids.
D. To blame today’s young people.
now suggest.
Green roofs are growing more popular in cities, with the number of green roofs increasing in the
United States. In Germany, widely considered the leader in green roofing, some 12 percent of all flat
roofs are green, with the German green roof industry growing 10 to 15 percent annually.
These roofs can reduce heating and air conditioning costs, with a roughly 10 percent reduction in
natural gas usage and a 2 percent drop in electricity use for a typical building. Moreover, green roofs
last two to three times longer than standard roofs. They also store storm water, which could otherwise
exacerbate (加剧)flooding. "They can also bring in birds and butterflies, help improve biodiversity(多
样性)," Rowe said. In addition to taking in pollution and noise, the plants in green roofs naturally absorb
carbon dioxide, the leading greenhouse gas behind global warming. However, nobody had measured
the potential effect of green roofs on carbon dioxide levels until now.
Scientists at Michigan State University found that replacing traditional roofing materials with green
roofs in an urban area the size of Detroit, with a population of about one million, would take in more
than 55,000 tons of carbon. That is roughly similar to getting rid of a year"s worth of carbon dioxide
sent out by 10,000 mid-sized SUVs and trucks.
The challenges green roofs now face in the United States are something about policy and costs.
"The government should not necessarily mandate(强制执行) them, but it can provide support for them,
just as they do in Germany and elsewhere," Rowe told LiveScience. "And green roofs are more
expensive, but only initially. Over time, they"re cheaper once you consider their benefits energy-wise.
It takes about 11 to 14 years to break even(不赢不亏)."
B. It is easier for green roofs to break than standard roofs.
C. A building with a green roof takes less energy to be heated.
D. Green roofs are of higher building cost.
B. Germany has made it a rule to build green roofs
C. The United States is widely considered the leader in green roofing
D. Green roofs can provide habitats for birds and butterflies
B. at first
C. at present
D. at last
B. Green Roofs Are Growing More Popular
C. Green Roofs Help Control Global Warming,
D. Advantages of Green Roofs
a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.
One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California thirdgraders. Those with TVs in their
bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without
bedroom TVs.
A second study, looking at nearly 1, 000 grownups in New Zealand, found lower education levels
among 26yearolds who had watched lots of TV during childhood. But the results don"t prove that TV
is the cause and don"t rule out that already poorly motivated youngsters (年轻人) may watch lots of TV.
Their study measured the TV habits of 26yearolds between ages 5 and 15. Those with college
degrees had watched an average of less than two hours of TV per weeknight during childhood,
compared with an average of more than 2 hours for those who had no education beyond high school.
In the California study, children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest,
while those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest.
While this study does not prove that bedroom TV sets caused the lower scores, it adds to
accumulating findings that children shouldn"t have TVs in their bedrooms.
B. not be interested in math
C. be unable to go to college
D. have had computers in their bedrooms
B. Habits of TV watching reduce learning interest.
C. TV watching leads to lower education levels of the 15yearolds.
D. The connection between TV and education levels is difficult to explain.
B. Children should be forbidden from watching TV.
C. TV sets shouldn"t be allowed in children"s bedrooms.
D. Further studies on highachieving students should be done.
B. Effects of Television on Children
C. Studies on TV and College Education
D. Television and Children"s Learning Habits
注意:每个空格只填1 个单词.
Throw the bottles and boxes of drugs out of your house. A new theory suggests that medicine
could be bad for your health, which should at least come as good news to people who cannot
afford to buy expensive medicine. This new theory argues that healing is at our fingertips: we can
be healthy by doing Yoga on a regular basis.
Supporters of medical treatment argue that medicine should be trusted since it is effective and
scientifically proven. They say that there is no need for spiritual methods such as Yoga. These
waste our time, something which is quite precious in our material world. There is medicine that
can kill our pain, xrays that show us our bones or MRI that scans our brain for tumors ( 肿瘤) ．
We must admit that these methods are very effective in the examples that they provide. However,
there are some "everyday complaints" such as back pains, headaches, insomnia, which are treated
currently with medicine. When you have a headache, you take an Aspirin; when you cannot sleep,
you take Xanax without thinking of the side effects of these. When you use these pills for a long
period, you become addicted to them; you cannot sleep without them. We pay huge amounts of
money and become addicted instead of getting better. How about a safer and more economical
way of healing? When doing Yoga, you do not need anything except your energy so it is very
economical. Its popularity has spread particularly throughout America and Western Europe. In
quantum ( 量子) physics, energy is recognized as the fundamental substance ( 物质) which the
universe consists of. Yoga depends on the energy within our bodies. It is a simple and effective
way of restoring the energy flow. There are no side effects and it is scientifically explained.
Opponents of alternative healing methods also claim that serious illnesses such as HIV/AIDS
and cancer cannot be treated without drugs. They think so because these patients spend the rest
of their lives in the hospital taking medicine. How can Yoga make these people healthy again? It is
very unfortunate that these patients have to live in the hospital losing their hair because of chemotherapy ( 化疗), losing weight because of the side effects of the medicine they take. Actually, it is common
knowledge that except when the cancer is recognized at an early stage, drugs also cannot treat AIDS
or cancer. Most of the medicines these patients use are to ease their pain and their sufferings. Instead
of drugs which are expensive and have many side effects, you can use your energy to overcome the
hardships of life, find an emotional balance, leave the stress of everyday life and let go of the everyday
worries. We should definitely start learning Yoga and avoid illnesses before it is too late.
The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can exceed the joy of
discovering for yourself something that is important to you! It may be an idea or a bit of information
you come across accidentally or a sudden understanding, fitting together pieces of information or
working through a problem. Such personal encounters are the "payoff" in education. A teacher may
direct you to learning and even encourage you in it-but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy
happen. That"s up to you.
A research paper, assigned in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor,
leads you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a process where the joy of
discovery and learning can come to you many times. Preparing the research paper is an active and
individual process, and an ideal learning process. It provides a structure within which you can make
exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, which are basic to education. The research paper also
gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your own interests
and abilities and to show others what you can do. Writing a research paper is more than a classroom
exercise. It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of
many skills applicable to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovery,
an education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly satisfying
experience!
To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than ever
produced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work independently is
threatening. But there is no need to approach paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view
the research paper as an obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within
reach if you use the help this passage can give you.
1. According to the writer, personal discoveries in study ________.
B. are helpful in finding the right information
C. are the most valuable part of one"s personal education
D. will help one to successfully complete school assignments
B. to practice the skills learnt in the classroom
C. to prove that one is a productive writer
D. to show how well one can accomplish school assignments
B. experiences
C. entertainments
D. abilities
B. one should trust one"s knowledge and skills when doing research
C. one should use one"s ability to meet course requirements
D. one should consider research paper writing a pleasure, not a burden
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