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Geologists have been studying volcanoes for a long time.Though they have learned a great deal,they still have not discovered the cause of volcanic action.They know that the inside of the earth is very hot,but they are not sure exactly what causes the great heat.Some geologists have thought that the heat is caused by the great pressure of the earth’s outer layers.Or the heat may be left from the time when the earth was formed.During the last sixty years scientists have learned about radium,uranium,thorium,and other radioactive elements.Many scientists now believe that much of the heat inside the earth is produced by radioactive elements.
Whatever the cause of the heat may be,we do know that the earth gets hotter the farther down we dig.In deep mines and oil wells the temperatures rise about 1°F for every 50 feet.At this rate of the temperature 40 miles below the earth’s surface should be over 4 000°.This is much hotter than necessary to melt rock.However,the pressure of the rock above keeps most materials from melting at their usual melting points.Geologists believe that the rock deep in the earth may be plastic,or puttylike(油灰状的).In other words,the rock yields slowly to pressure but is not liquid.But if some change in the earth’s crust releases the pressure,the rock melts.Then the hot,liquid rock can move up toward the surface.
小题1:The cause for the great heat inside of the earth is______.
A.great pressure of the earth’s outer layers
B.the heat left from the time when the earth was formed
C.radioactive elements giving out heat
D.not sure
小题2:According to the passage,______ prevents most rock from melting at its usual melting points.
A.the pressure of the rock itself
B.the pressure of the rock above
C.the pressure of the earth’s outer layers
D.the heat given out by some radioactive elements
小题3:According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true?
A.The farther down,the hotter the earth gets.
B.The rock deep in the earth is liquid.
C.When the pressure releases from the earth’s crust,the rock melts.
D.Rock would be melted at 4 000°.

答案

小题1:D
小题2:B
小题3:B
解析

小题1:作者在回答这个问题,用的都是“或许”“有些科学家”的字词,并没有把握。
小题2:“However,the pressure of the rock above keeps most materials from melting at their usual melting points.”一句给了我们答案。
小题3:“In other words,the rock yields slowly to pressure but is not liquid.”一句说明在地球里面的岩石并不是液体,只有地球释放了这种压力,它们才以液体的形式涌向地球表面。
核心考点
试题【Geologists have been studying volcanoes for a long time.Though they have learned】;主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
In a natural disaster—a hurricane,flood,tornado,volcanic eruption,or other calamity—minutes and even seconds of warning can be the difference between life and death.Because of this,scientists and government officials are working to use the latest technological advances to predict when and where disasters will happen.They are also studying how best to analyze and communicate this information once it is obtained.The goal is to put technology to effective use in saving lives and property when nature unleashes its power with devastating results.
On September 29,1998,Hurricane Georges made landfall in Biloxi,Mississippi,after devastating Haiti,the Dominican Republic,Puerto Rico,and several islands of the Caribbean with torrential rains and winds up to 160 km/h (100 mph).Few people lost their lives along the Gulf Coast of the United States,although hundreds died in the Caribbean.
This was a very different outcome from 1900,when a powerful Gulf Coast hurricane made an unexpected direct hit on Galveston,Texas,killing at least 6 000 people.Vastly improved hurricane warnings explain the different circumstances at either end of the 20th century—residents of Galveston had no advance warning that a storm was approaching,while residents of Biloxi had been warned days in advance of Georges’s approach,allowing for extensive safety precautions.
At the same time that people in Biloxi were thankful for the advance warning,some residents of New Orleans,Louisiana,120 km to the west,were less satisfied.A day before Georges made landfall,forecasters were predicting that the hurricane had a good chance of striking New Orleans.Because much of New Orleans lies below sea level,the city is at risk for flooding.In addition,because New Orleans has a large population in vulnerable locations,emergency management officials must begin evacuations well before a storm strikes.But evacuation costs money:Businesses close,tourists leave,and citizens take precautionary measures.The mayor of New Orleans estimated that his city’s preparations for Georges cost more than 50 million.After the full fury of Georges missed New Orleans,some residents questioned the value of the hurricane forecasts in the face of such high costs.
The differing views on the early warnings for Hurricane Georges illustrate some of the complexities involved in predicting disasters.Disaster prediction is more than just forecasting the future with advanced technology—it is also a process of providing scientific information to the government officials and other decision makers who must respond to those predictions.
In general,the process has three phases.First,there is the challenge of forecasting the event itself.In the case of Georges,scientists worked to predict the future direction and strength of the hurricane days in advance.
A second important challenge is communicating the forecast to decision-makers.Because forecasts are always uncertain,a central factor in disaster predictions is communicating this uncertainty.Uncertainty is usually described in terms of odds or probabilities,much like daily weather forecasts.The media plays an important role in communicating predictions and their uncertainty to the public.
The third part of the process is the use of predictive information by decision makers.Even the most accurate information is of little value if the decision maker does not use it appropriately,for example in deciding whether to order an evacuation.If there is a breakdown in any of these three phases of prediction,the result is increased danger and a higher risk of loss of life.
小题1:The underlined word“calamity”refers to ______.
A.natureB.thunderstormsC.disasterD.dangers
小题2:According the passage,the purpose of disaster prediction is to______.
A.demonstrate the power of advanced technology
B.bring out the truth between life and death
C.prevent such natural disasters from happening
D.reduce human casualties and loss of property
小题3:Which of the following areas suffered the most severe damage?
A.Biloxi,Mississippi.B.Gulf Coast of U. S.
C.Galveston,Texas.D.New Orleans.

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No one can believe that the over 6 300-kilometer long Great Wall might disappear some day.Believe it or not,the Great Wall is being destroyed by people.Less than 20 percent of the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty is still perfect,but about 80 percent is in danger.The Great Wall can be called “great” mostly because of its amazing length.But we should realize that the length was made up of one brick at a time.If we do nothing to save the Great Wall,it will become a series of separate wasteland rather than a historic site.
The Great Wall is actually a series of walls built and rebuilt by different dynasties over the past 2 000 years.It began in the rule of China’s first emperor,Qin Shihuang of the Qin Dynasty (221 BC~206 BC),and lasted into the Ming Dynasty.The parts built before the Ming Dynasty have nearly disappeared.People are familiar with sections such as Badaling in Beijing and Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu because they have been open to tourists for many years.But those sections far away from the public eyes have been almost forgotten.
Few local people knew the 3-meter-high walls made of earth and stones beside them are part of the Great Wall.The lack of knowledge is considered as one of the main reasons behind human.
The bricks on the Great Wall are carried off by countryside people to build their houses,sheep corral(畜栏) and pigsties(猪圈).Some were taken away to build roads.Bricks carved with people’s names are put away as remembrance.Rubbish is spread over the battlements(城垛).The bricks can be sold for 15 yuan per tractor load.Those who destroyed and are destroying the Great Wall know its name,but are not clear about its cultural meaning.It will take a long time to let them know this.The local farmers not only carried off the body of the Wall but dug out the entire base.
It is necessary to protect the Great Wall.First of all,the officials should be aware of theimportance of the Great Wall.Young Chinese should know more about the nation’s great civilization (文明)and learn to love it.
小题1:The main reason for which the Great Wall can be called“great”is__________.
A.it was made by brickB.it was very wide
C.it was very longD.it had a long history
小题2:Why does the author say the Great Wall might disappear?
A.It is useless from now on.B.It will be replaced by a new one.
C.Some parts of it are being destroyed.D.It’s too old to be used again.
小题3:The underlined part “those sections far away from the public eyes” refers to the parts of the Great Wall__________.
A.that are too difficult to understandB.nobody can watch
C.that are too far to been seenD.that are not well known to the public
小题4:What’s the main reason of the Great Wall’s being destroyed?
A.The local people are short of culture knowledge.
B.The local people need bricks and stones to build houses.
C.The local people think that the Great Wall is not important.
D.The local people are against the government.

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After an extra day in space,the crew of Discovery returned to Earth,landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California early on Tuesday morning.The shuttle and its crew spent two weeks in space,most of it aboard the International Space Station.It was the first flight of NASA"s spaceshuttle fleet since February 2003,when the shuttle Columbia came apart while reentering Earth"s atmosphere.
NASA officials delayed Discovery"s return for one day because of cloudy weather in Florida,where the shuttle was supposed to lanD. On Tuesday morning,mission controllers directed Discovery to a landing site in California,where the skies were clear.The crew members will have to wait until Wednesday to see their families when they all meet together in Houston at the Johnson Space Center.
Discovery had a very busy mission in space,compared to past missions.The space shuttle docked with the International Space Station most of the journey,delivering badly needed supplies and repairing damaged parts.The crew spent a lot of time testing new repair techniques on their own shuttle,conducting three different spacewalks(where astronauts exit the space shuttle to do work outside).On the third spacewalk,astronaut Steve Robinson went underneath the shuttle to remove material sticking out from between the spacecraft"s protective tiles.
There were concerns in the last remaining days of Discovery"s mission that a torn heat blanket—another shield against overheating in the space shuttle—may pose a problem to crew members. NASA officials and technicians worked on ways that the crew could fix the problem, but later decided it was not a risk.
With the shuttle and its crew safely back on firm ground, NASA is hailing this mission, labeled STS114,as a huge success. “I hope this shows people that we"re coming back,” NASA spaceflight chief Bill Readdy said after Discovery"s successful landing. “We"ve got some more work to do. We know what we need to do and we"ll do it.
小题1:Which of the following isn"t included in the jobs of the shuttle Discovery?
A.Delivering supplies to the International Space Station.
B.Conducting different spacewalks.
C.Testing new repair techniques.
D.Finding the cause why the shuttle Columbia came apart.
小题2:But for the cloudy weather, the shuttle Discovery would have landed_______.
A.in Florida a day earlierB.in Florida a day later
C.in California a day earlierD.in California a day later
小题3:Which is the most probable period of time that Discovery was aboard the International Space Station?
A.Six days.B.Two weeks.
C.Nine days.D.Two weeks and an extra day.
小题4:What"s the best title for the passage?
A.Another Huge Success of Discovery
B.Welcome Back, Discovery
C.Discovery and International Space Station
D.Discovery Survives a Risk

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IS THERE LIFE ON EARTH
There was great excitement on the planet of Venus(金星) this week. For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since.
The satellite was directed into an area known as Manhattan (named after the great Venusian astronomer Prof. Manhattan, who first discovered it with his telescope 20 000 light years ago).Because of excellent weather conditions and extremely strong signals, Venusian scientists were able to get valuable information as to feasibility(可行性) of a manned flying saucer(飞碟) landing on Earth.A press conference was held at the Venus Institute of Technology.
“We have come to the conclusion,based on last week"s satellite landing,” Pro. Zog said,“that there is no life on the Earth.”
“How do you know this?” the science reporter of the Venus Evening Star asked. 
“For one thing, Earth"s surface in the area of Manhattan is composed of solid concrete(混凝土)and nothing can grow there. For another, the atmosphere is filled with carbon monoxide(一氧化碳) and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breathe this air and survive.”
“What does this mean as far as our flying saucer program is concerned?”
“We shall have to take our own oxygen with us, which means a much heavier flying saucer than we originally planned. ”
“Are there any other hazards that you discovered in your studies?”
“Take a look at this photo. You see this dark cloud floating over the surface of Earth? We call this the Consolidated Edison Belt. We don"t know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there.”
“If what you say is true, won"t this set back the flying saucer program several years?”
“Yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds.”
“Prof. Zog, why are we spending billions and billions of zilches to land a flying saucer on Earth when there is no life there?”
“Because if we Venusians can learn to breathe in an Earth atmosphere, then we can live anywhere.”
小题1:During the week of great excitement the Venusian scientists succeeded in getting important information on whether they can_______.
A.land a satellite with Venus astronauts on Earth
B.make a firstrate flying saucer
C.get a Earth Being to Venus
D.direct a flying saucer into Manhattan
小题2:According to Prof.Zog,the Venusians will have to take their own oxygen with them when they carry out their flying saucer program because_______.
A.they need it on their way to the planet of Earth
B.the Earth"s atmosphere is filled with deadly gases
C.oxygen is far from enough in the area of Manhattan where the saucer is to land
D.there is no air on the planet of Earth
小题3:The “dark black cloud” on the photograph refers to_______.
A.the polluted air floating over the surface of Earth
B.the mass of tiny drops of water floating above Earth
C.the things that are unknown to everybody
D.the dark clouds gathering before a storm breaks
小题4:The author wishes to call our attention to the fact_______.
A.that modern man has polluted his environment to such an extent that he might destroy himself if he went on like this
B.that there is no point in spending billions and billions of zilches to land a flying saucer on Earth
C.that pollution has become so serious a problem on Earth that even Venusians find life there unbearable
D.that it is difficult, if not altogether impossible, to land a manned flying saucer on Earth

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A peer is a person who is about the same age as you. Peers affect your life, whether you know it or not, just by spending time with you.
Peers can have a good effect on each other. Maybe another student in your science class taught you an easy way to remember the planets in solar system. Maybe you got others excited about your new favorite book, and now everyone"s reading it.
However, sometimes peers affect each other in another way. For example, one kid in school might try to get another to cut class with him, your soccer friend might try to persuade you to be mean to another player and never pass him the ball, or a kid in the neighborhood might want you to shoplift with him.
Some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked, to fit in, or because they worry that other kids may make fun of them if they don"t go along with the group.Others may go along because they are curious to try something new that others are doing. The idea that “everyone"s doing it ” may influence some kids to leave their better judgments, or their common senses behind.
  Peer pressure can be extremely strong and hard to get rid of. Experiments have shown how peer pressure can influence someone to change mind from what she knows for sure is a correct answer to the incorrect answer—just because everyone else gives the incorrect answer!That holds true for people of any age in peer pressure situations.
It can be hard to walk away from peer pressure, but it can be done. Pay attention to your own feelings and beliefs about what is right and wrong can help you know the right thing to do. Inner strength and self-confidence can help you stand firm, walk away, and resist doing something when you know better.
小题1:What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Peers have a good effect.
B.Children give in to peer pressure.
C.Peer pressure is hard to stop.
D.Peer pressure.
小题2:The underlined word “shoplift” probably means to_______.
A.do shoppingB.carry goods for shops
C.steal in the shopD.take the lift upstairs in the shop
小题3:The writer will NOT agree that_______.
A.only children change their correct answers to incorrect ones because of peer pressure
B.peers have an effect on each other
C.peer pressure can be got rid of 
D.peers will believe in themselves if there are other peers who agree with them
小题4:The writer intends to _______ by writing the passage.
A.warn peers to separate from each other
B.tell peers to follow others
C.show it is hard to walk away from peer pressure
D.persuade peers to do what they think is the right thing

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