题目
题型：不详难度：来源：
Here the question is about how we define intelligence itself. The answer appears to be interesting, because the evidence from psychological studies suggests that much of our intelligence comes from how we coordinate ourselves with other people and our environment.
An influential theory among psychologists is that we"re cognitive misers(认知吝啬者). This is the idea that we are unwilling to do mental work unless we have to. We try to avoid thinking things fully when a short cut is available. If you"ve ever voted for the presidential candidate(总统候选人) with the most honest smile, or chosen a restaurant based on how many people are already sitting in there, then you are a cognitive miser. The theory explains why we"d much rather type a zip code into Google Maps than memorize and recall the location of a place – it"s so much easier to do so.
Research shows that people don"t tend to rely on their memories for things they can easily access. Buildings can somehow disappear from pictures we"re looking at, or the people we"re talking to can be changed with someone else, and often we won"t notice – a phenomenon called “change blindness”. This isn"t an example of human stupidity – far from it, in fact – this is an example of mental efficiency. The mind relies on the world as a better record than memory.
Philosophers have suggested that thinking is really happening in the environment as much as it is happening in our brains. The philosopher Andy Clark called humans "natural born cyborgs(电子人)", those naturally capable of absorbing and combining new tools, ideas and abilities. In Clark"s view, the route to a solution is not the issue – having the right tools really does mean you know the answers, just as much as already knowing the answer.
Rather than being forced to rely on our own resources for everything, we can share our knowledge. Technology keeps track of things for us so we don"t have to, while large systems of knowledge serve the needs of society as a whole. I don"t know how a computer works, or how to grow vegetables, but that knowledge is out there and I can get to benefit. The internet provides even more potential to share this knowledge. Wikipedia is one of the best examples – an increasingly large database of knowledge from which everyone can benefit.
So as well as having a physical environment – like the rooms or buildings we live or work in – we also have a mental environment, which means that when I ask you where your mind is, you shouldn’t point toward the centre of your forehead. As research shows, our minds are made up just as much by the people and tools around us as they are by the brain cells inside our skull.
小题1:Why did the writer raise the questions in Paragraph 1?
| A．To find out who has played James Bond in the movies. |
| B．To introduce the topic to be discussed in the passage. |
| C．To show that he knows the answer to the questions. |
| D．To attract readers’ attention by mentioning James Bond. |
| A．Supportive | B．Objective | C．Indifferent | D．Neutral |
| A．Intelligence is something that is made by one’s brain itself. |
| B．Intelligence is something that only happens inside one’s head. |
| C．Intelligence is the product of one’s inner thoughts alone. |
| D．Intelligence is a mixture of the environment, people and one’s brain cells. |
| A．are stupid not to notice the changes |
| B．are efficient in mental work |
| C．are blind to changes around them |
| D．rely on memory when dealing with things |
| A．They make us much more intelligent. |
| B．They make us lazier and more stupid. |
| C．They have little to do with our intelligence. |
| D．They have a negative effect on our intelligence. |
答案
小题1:B
小题2:A
小题3:D
小题4:B
小题5:A
解析
试题分析：本文叙述了对智力的理解，我们更倾向于认为我们的智力源于自我成就，它形成于大脑内，是内在独立思考的产物。心理学界中一个颇具影响的理论认为人是“认知守财奴”。 有时我们在谈话过程中不经意地切换谈话对象，常常未引起我们在意，这种现象叫“变化盲视”，这并非人类的愚昧，与此相反，这是心理效应的一个表现。研究表明我们的思想大部分都由身边的人及工具组成的，他们就像是我们头盖骨里的脑细胞。
小题1:推理判断题。根据Here the question is about how we define intelligence itself. 可知作者要引出他要讲的话题，故选B。
小题2:推理判断题。根据The internet provides even more potential to share this knowledge. Wikipedia is one of the best examples 可知作者对它们是支持的，故选A。
小题3:细节理解题。根据The philosopher Andy Clark called humans "natural born cyborgs(电子人)", those naturally capable of absorbing and combining new tools, ideas and abilities. 故选D。
小题4:细节理解题。根据This isn"t an example of human stupidity – far from it, in fact – this is an example of mental efficiency. 故选B。
小题5:推理判断题。根据that knowledge is out there and I can get to benefit 和an increasingly large database of knowledge from which everyone can benefit.可知它们可以使我们变得更聪明，故选A。
点评：做推理题干扰选项的特点夸大事实：一是对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面程度进行了夸大处理。二是无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推理。三是掺入常识：根据考生已有的常识是正确的，但却不是基于文章。四是推理过头：引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。知道了这些特点在容易排除干扰项进而做出正确的判断。
核心考点
试题【We like to think our intelligence is self-made; it happens inside our heads, the】；主要考察你对题材分类等知识点的理解。[详细]
举一反三
All the babies died before the first year. But clearly there was more than language deprivation (剥夺，丧失). What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the ability to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such extreme deprivation exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to signals of the baby, whose brain is programmed, to mop up language rapidly. There are critical times, it seems when children learn more rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again.
Linguists suggest that speech milestones are reached in a fixed order and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ.
Recent evidence suggests that a baby is born with the ability to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a teddy bear with the sound pattern “teddy bear”.
But speech has to be developed, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling, clinging, grasping, crying, smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals reduces the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s nonverbal (非语言的) signals is basic to the growth and development of language.
小题1:Frederick’s experiment was extreme because _________.
| A．he wanted to prove children are born with ability to speak |
| B．he wanted his nurses to say another language |
| C．he was unkind to the nurses |
| D．he ignored the importance of mothering to the babies |
| A．they do not listen carefully to their mothers |
| B．their mothers do not respond to their attempts to speak |
| C．their brain has to absorb too much language at once |
| D．their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them |
| A．difficult periods in the child’s life |
| B．moments when the child becomes critical towards its mother |
| C．important stages in the child’s development |
| D．times when mothers often neglect their children |
| A．have a high IQ | B．be less intelligent |
| C．not necessarily be backward | D．be insensitive to verbal signals |
| A．the child will be able to speak properly |
| B．the child will continue to give out signals |
| C．the child will invent a language of own |
| D．the child will make little effort to speak |
Although it has long been accepted that humans have a fixed lifespan, it is also a fact that certain other organisms, such as reptiles and amphibians, appear to live indefinitely. The only reason we do not see 500-year-old alligators is because in the wild their lives are always in danger, from man, from pollution and from other animals. When they are kept in zoos they do not seem to age at all after they are fully grown. The same is true of some species of fish, which grow indefinitely and show no signs of ageing. The existence of animals with no fixed lifespan seems to indicate that an age gene really does exist. It is this gene which scientists are searching for, which may delay or repair damage to the body caused by ageing.
Another new area of research involves the oxidation（氧化） theory, which says that ageing is caused by the same process that makes iron rust. In controlled experiments, the lifespans of certain animals were shown to be lengthened with anti-oxidants; for example, the lifespan of mice can be increased by 30%. Antioxidants are already being used in face creams and other cosmetics, and they are likely to play an important part in keeping people physically young.
Perhaps the most immediate advance we are likely to see in the battle to halt（停止）the ageing process will be organ replacement. By the year 2020 it is likely that we will be replacing injured bones or even organs like livers and kidneys with ones “grown” in laboratories. By 2050 perhaps every organ in the body, except the brain, will have become commercially available. Recent experiments also show that it may one day be possible to “grow” new organs inside our body to replace worn-out ones, something which lizards and alligators already do.
Suddenly immortality（不死，不朽） seems within reach. We can begin to imagine a future where we are born, we grow to maturity, but we never grow old and die. But do we really want to live forever?
小题1: When all humans reach a certain age, .
| A．they suffer the effects of their diet and lifestyle |
| B．the organs stop to perform appropriately |
| C．their cells continue to renew themselves |
| D．they develop arthritis and Alzheimer’s |
| A．alligators are in danger in the wild because of the threat from man, pollution and other animals |
| B．it is widely accepted that humans have a fixed lifespan |
| C．there exists an age gene which may control ageing |
| D．the age gene damages the body |
| A．live for a period of time without a fixed end |
| B．live without a clear aim |
| C．live in an uncertain way |
| D．live without being fully grown |
| A．by 2050 we might have most of our worn-out organs replaced with new ones commercially |
| B．never can the ageing process be avoided |
| C．livers and kidneys are sure to be grown in laboratories by the year 2020 |
| D．lizards and alligators grow new organs inside their body to replace worn-out ones |
| A．DNA researches show how our cells renew themselves. |
| B．Anti-oxidants are likely to play an important part in keeping people young. |
| C．How our biological clock works? |
| D．Eternal（永恒的） youth: new developments in anti-ageing research. |
| A．a future where we are born, we grow to maturity, but we never grow old and die is on its way |
| B．he is uncertain whether we can live forever |
| C．it remains to be seen whether immortality is a blessing or a curse |
| D．immortality is no longer a dream |
It’s a bit surprising that stress makes people focus on the way things could go right, says Mara Mather of the University of Southern California. She co-wrote the review paper with Nichole R.Lighthall. “This is sort of not what people would think, ” Mather says. “Stress is usually associated with negative experiences, so you’d think, maybe I’m going to be more focused on the negative outcomes.”
But researchers have found that when people are under stress, they start paying more attention to positive information and discounting negative information. “Stress seems to help people learn from positive feedback and impairs（削弱）their learning from negative feedback, ” Mather says.
When people under stress are making a difficult decision, they may pay more attention to the good sides of the alternatives they’re considering and less to the problems. So someone who’s deciding whether to take a new job and is feeling stressed by the decision might focus on the increase in salary more than the longer commute（上下班往返）.
The increased focus on the positives also helps explain why stress plays a role in addictions. People under stress have a harder time controlling their urges. “The compulsion to get that reward comes stronger and they’re less able to resist it,” Mather says. A person who’s under stress might think only about the good feelings they’ll get from a drug, while the downsides shrink into the distance.
Stress also increases the differences in how men and women think about risk. When men are under stress, they become even more willing to take risks; when women are stressed, they get more conservative(保守的). Previous research backs this up — men usually react to difficulties while trying to fight them or escape them; women try to find friends and improve their relationships.
小题1:By saying “You might want to hold off on that” in the first paragraph, the writer suggests that .
| A．you might want to delay making your big decision |
| B．you should save the presentation for later |
| C．you should avoid taking risks |
| D．you might benefit from the stress |
| A．often leads people to take more risks |
| B．often leads people to make balanced decisions |
| C．makes people think more of negative results |
| D．makes people ignore the negative side of problems |
| A．Stress is helpful in getting rid of addictions. |
| B．People who are addicted to drugs are easily stressed. |
| C．When women are stressed, they do not tend to take risks. |
| D．When men are stressed, they are more likely to develop an addiction. |
| A．Stress can affect decision-making. |
| B．Stress increases our desire to get rewards. |
| C．We should think more about the upside of problems. |
| D．There is a link between stress and negative experiences. |
Whales are not fishes but mammals (哺乳动物). Their body temperature stays the same, and does not change with the temperature of their environment. They breathe air, so they have to come out of the water to get oxygen. Thus, they cannot afford to fall into a sleeping state for too long, since they need to be awake in order to breathe. It is thought that only half of their brains sleep at a time, so that whales are never completely asleep. Females give birth to the young. They have hair. Although they are not covered in hair or fur like many mammals, whales have some bristles (胡子), usually on their heads.
Whales are highly social animals with complex languages and intelligence. They communicate with each other using romantic sounds, called “whale songs”. Being so large and powerful, these sounds are also loud.
Whales are endangered as a result of whaling (捕鲸) from the eleventh century to the twentieth. It has attracted the attention of environmentalists and some measures (措施) have been taken to protect whales.
小题1:How many aspects show that whales are mammals?
| A．One. | B．Two. | C．Three. | D．Four. |
| A．whales can breathe in the water |
| B．if a whale sleeps too long, it will get drowned |
| C．in order to breathe, whales never sleep |
| D．whales give birth to the young on the land |
| A．By body language. | B．By speaking languages. |
| C．By making song-like sounds. | D．By giving off a smell. |
| A．Whales are cold-blooded mammals like fishes. |
| B．Whales are hunted for food by people. |
| C．Whales are very harmful to human beings. |
| D．Whales are in danger because of being killed by people. |
What most of us looked at as waste was converted to a thing of utility by Prithwis Mukhopadlyay, a 14-year-old prodigy. This Bengali boy, nourished in the US, Lake Junior High in Woodbury, Minnesota, has come up with an idea to convert banana peels to biogas.(生物气).
It"s well known that almost any organic waste can be converted to biogas. But why biogas from banana peel has hit the news is because it produced five times as much biogas as manure(粪), a commonly used source for producing biogas, in the experiments Prithwis conducted.
He filled two airtight containers, one with manure and the other with banana peels. Then he mixed each content with water and connected them to empty jars via pipes to collect the gas produced. He placed a heater next to each jar and measured the gas collected for 60 days. His studies proved that banana peels produced five times more biogas than manure.
This project titled "Comparison analysis: Eco-friendly source of energy for the future," earned him a spot in Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge. This weekend, the young whiz is to showcase his research work along with 40 other finalists at Washington. "Initially, I thought of doing a project that would reduce global warming. Things changed after I visited a biogas plant in a village in India during my summer vacations. It was an amazing experience," Prithwis says.
小题1:Why could Prithwis"s finding receive the attention of the media?
| A．Because he is a prodigy. |
| B．Because he is of Bengali descent. |
| C．Because he used an extremely rare organic waste to produce biogas. |
| D．Because his research proved that banana peels can produce more biogas. |
A.Lake Junior High. B Discovery Channel.
C. India. D.His laboratory at home.
小题3:This article probably appeared in a _________ magazine.
| A．gourmet | B．science | C．computer | D．fashion |
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