简单句

　　简单句可归纳为六个基本句型。学习这些基本句型要从动词入手，因为不同类型的动词要求不同的句型。

　　句型分类

　　根据语法形式，即句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

　　基本形式

　　简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其它各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而来，如五大基本句型

　　1.主语+谓语

　　谓语一定是动词

　　这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词，例：

　　Things change.事物是变化的。

　　Nobody went.没有人去。

　　--Did you go by sea?你们走的是海路吗?

　　--NO, we flew.不，我们是飞去。

　　2.主语+连系动词+表语

　　也叫做主系表

　　这种句型称为主系表结构，其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，但实质上表语成了谓语，例：

　　Mr. Turner is an artist.特纳先生是位画家。

　　The milk went sour.牛奶变酸了。

　　She became a lawyer.她当了律师。

　　注：我们平常所说的be动词有两种含义：

　　1、助动词的be;

　　2、作为连系动词的be;

　　3.主语+谓语+宾语

　　宾语有两种 ：间接宾语和直接宾语

　　这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词，例：

　　We never beat children.我们从来不打孩子。

　　My sister will fix everything.我姐姐会料理一切。

　　4主语+谓语+宾语+宾语

　　这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构，其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词，两个宾语一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语，其中指物或指事的就是直接宾语 指人(或动物)的就是间接宾语。例：

　　He gave the book to his sister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。

　　I'll write you a long letter.我将写给你一封长信。

　　5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补

　　所谓宾语补足语就是补充说明前面的宾语

　　这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构，其补语是宾语补语，与宾语一起即构成复合宾语，例：

　　I found the book easily.我发现这本书不难。(形容词easy作补语)

　　I'll let him go.我将让他去。(不定式go用作补语)

　　注意：有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语，甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语，这样的句子仍然是简单句，例：

　　China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly.中国和东亚其它国家正在迅速地发展。(China and other countries并列主语)

　　Mr. Wang and I often work together and help each other.王先生和我常在一起工作互相帮助。

　　6.There be句型

　　英语六种基本句型列式

　　基本句型一：S+V (主+谓)

　　基本句型二：S+V+P (主+系+表)

　　基本句型三：S+V+DO (主+谓+宾)

　　基本句型四：S+V+IO+DO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)

　　基本句型五：S+V+DO+OC (主+谓+宾+宾补)

　　基本句型六：There be

　　把一个简单句转换成一个复合句，一般是将一个短语变为一个从句。相反，复合句转换为简单句时要把一个从句变为一个短语。

　　1. The foreigners want to know how they can learn to do Chinese Kongfu well. → The foreigners want to know how to learn to do Chinese Kongfu well.

　　【解析】含宾语从句的复合句变为简单句，可以把宾语从句改为"疑问词+不定式"的结构或者改为"主语+谓语+宾语+宾补"这种结构;简单句变复合句，一般是把宾语扩大为宾语从句，其宾语从句应该用将来时或"情态动词+动词原形"的形式。

　　2. She was so weak that she couldn't take care of her baby. → She was too weak to take care of her baby.

　　3. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. → The ice on the lake was not thick enough for people to skate on.

　　【解析】当so...that从句是否定句，其主语与主句主语相同，可用句型too...to do sth.替换;当so...that从句是否定句，其主语与主句主语不相同，可用句型too...for sb. to do sth. 替换;当so...that从句是肯定句，其主语与主句主语相同时，可用...enough to do sth.替换; 当so...that从句是肯定句，其主语与主句主语不相同时，可用...enough for sb. to do sth.替换。

　　4. Be brave, or you'll lose your chance. → If you aren't brave, you'll lose your chance.

　　5. Come on, or we'll miss the early bus. → If we don't hurry, we'll miss the early bus.

　　【解析】 "祈使句+or+简单句"可转换为"if引导的否定的条件句+主句"的句型;"祈使句+and+简单句"可转换为"if引导的肯定的条件句+主句"的句型。

　　6. She seems to be worried now. → It seems that she is worried now.

　　【解析】 seem是关于内心活动的用语，含有心中所想象的意思在内。seem后接动词不定式，也常用It seems that结构。简单句变为复合句应特别注意它们之间的同义可换性。

　　II. 简单句与简单句的转换

　　简单句本身可以通过对句子成分(包括主语、谓语、宾语、状语和定语)或句型自身的调整来表达相同或相近的意思。常见的转换方法有：① "词与词的转换"(如：反义词的转换、同义词的转换、代词的转换、词性的转换);② "词与短语的转换"(of属格与's属格的转换、时间表达的转换等);③"句式与句式的转换"(如：How old is (are)...?与What is sb.'s age?的转换、How do you like...?与What do you think of... ? 的转换、"动词 + sb. + sth."与"动词 + sth. + 介词 + sb."的转换等)。

　　7. We spent twenty minutes cleaning the room yesterday. → It took us twenty minutes to clean the room yesterday.

　　8. The motorbike cost him 7,000 yuan last year. → He paid / spent 7,000 yuan for / on (buying) the motorbike last year.

　　【解析】 spend与take都可以表示"做某事花某人多少时间或金钱"。 spend的主语用某人表示; take的主语用it。即"(Somebody)spend some time (in) doing sth. / on sth."这一句型可换成"It takes / took somebody some time to do sth." 句型。两个句型都可表示"某人花若干时间做某事"。但在转换时，应注意语序的变化，尤其是前一个句型中(in) doing或on sth.，在后一个句型中应改为to do sth.。"spend...doing sth."相当于pay...for, 它们之间可转换使用。

　　9. Jane says science isn't so interesting as music to her. → Jane says science is less interesting than music to her.

　　10. She rides a bicycle more carefully than anyone else in her class. → She is the most careful bicycle rider in her class.

　　【解析】常见的比较等级之间的转换有：①"not so / as+原级+ as"可改为"比较级+ than";② "not so / as+原级+as"可改为"less+原级(多音节词)+than";③ "最高级+of / in短语"可改为"比较级+than any other+复数名词 / than any of the others / anyone else / anything else";④"like...better (than)"可改为"prefer...(to)"。

　　11. The exhibition of children's art began a few days ago. → The exhibition of children's art has been on for a few days.

　　12. My grandpa joined the Party thirty years ago. → My grandpa has been in the Party for thirty years.

　　13. Sam's grandfather died 10 years ago. → Sam's grandfather has been dead for 10 years.

　　【解析】含一般过去时与现在完成时句式之间的转换是很常用的。在现在完成时中，延续性动词与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词不能。但是，可以用别的方式来表达：①瞬间动词用于"一段时间+ago"的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改写成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用;③ 瞬间动词用于"It is +一段时间+since+一般过去时"的句型中;④瞬间动词用于"Some time + has / have passed + since + 一般过去时"的句型中。另外，将来时"be going to"结构与"will / shall"结构的转换;进行时(如come , go动词)可与将来时的转换。

　　14. You must throw the broken pottery away at once. → The broken pottery must be thrown away at once.

　　15. Every one should give back his or her library books on time. → Library books should be returned on time.

　　16. People make great use of computers widely in the world. → Computers are widely used in the world.

　　【解析】

　　①主动句变被动句的方法是：首先把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，再把谓语动词变为被动语态，最后加上介词by的宾语(有时可省略);

　　②被动句变为主动句的方法是：先把被动句中by的宾语变为主动句的主语(如被动句中省略了介词by及其宾语，一般可以用 we, you, they等作主语)，再把谓语动词改为主动语态(即把be去掉)，最后把被动句的主语改为主动句的宾语，主动句的时态与被动句中be的时态一致;

　　③在let, make, hear, see, watch等后的动词不定式在主动语态中不带to，变为被动语态时，要加上to;

　　④双宾语动词结构变为被动语态，则应在间接宾语前加上相应的介词to或for。如：

　　Li Lei was given a bike by Mr Wang. → Mr Wang gave a bike to Li Lei.

　　III. 二合并一成简单句

　　有时为了使句子结构更加紧凑，语言更加生动，我们可以把两个或两个以上的简单句合并为简单句，这样，句子意思上的联系显得更密切。

　　17. Lucy can't sing the English song "Yesterday Once More". And Lily can't sing it, either. → Neither Lucy nor Lily can sing the English song "Yesterday Once More".

　　18. This store sells men's shoes, and it also sells men's clothes. → This store sells not only men's shoes but also men's clothes.

　　【解析】

　　两个意义相关的简单句合并为一个简单句。常见的方式有三类：①用both...and, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, not...but等连接词合并。由not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor等连接的并列主语，通常遵循就近原则，即谓语需根据后面的名词(词组)的单复数而定;②用too...to, enough to等含不定式结构合并;③用分词短语合并。

　　IV. 二合并一成复合句

　　由两个简单句合并成一个复合句，多把一个分句转换成一个从句。如：

　　19. "Did you sleep well last night?" David asked her. → David asked her if / whether she slept well last night.

　　20. I won't go with my brother, he thinks. → He doesn't think I will go with my brother.

　　21. Where does he live? I don't know. →I don't know where he lives.

　　【解析】构成宾语从句应注意三点：

　　①宾语从句的引导词是否缺少或用错;

　　②宾语从句语序是否是陈述句的语序;

　　③宾语从句的时态是否与主句谓语动词的时态相呼应。

　　【测试】按要求改写下列句子。每空限填一词。

　　1. There is a strong wind today.

　　It's very ________ today.

　　2. What's the weather like in America?

　　________ ________ the weather in America?

　　3. We must keep the noise under 50 dbs (分贝) here.

　　The noise must ________ ________ under 50 dbs here.

　　4. Wu Dong joined the League three years ago.

　　Wu Dong has ________ in the League ________ three years.

　　5. I didn't know what I should say.

　　I didn't know what ________ ________.

　　6. Does the shop close at six every day? Do you know?

　　Do you know ________ the shop ________ at six every day?

　　7. Lucy is the tallest girl in her class.

　　Lucy is ________ than ________ ________ girl in her class.

　　8. Tom is in the football team. Jim is in the football team, too.

　　________ Tom ________ Jim ________ on the football team.

　　9. John will go to bed after he finishes his homework.

　　John ________ ________ to bed ________ he finishes his homework.

　　10. He was so happy that he couldn't say a word when he was told the news.

　　He was ________ happy ________ say a word when he was told the news.

　　Key: 1. windy 2. How is / How about / What about 3. be kept 4. been; for 5. to say 6. if; closes 7. taller; any other 8. Both; and; are 9. won't go; until 10. too; to。

　　不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样，因此在学习动词时，应掌握动词的类型。

　　以 get 为例：

　　He's getting angry. (S V P)

　　He got through the window. (S V M)

　　You'll get a surprise. (S V O)

　　He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C)

　　He got himself into trouble. (S V OM)

　　He got her a splendid present. (S V o O)

　　在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思:

　　I found the book easily.我很容易地找到了这本书。(S V O M)

　　I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易。 (S V O C)

　　I have to do something. 我得做点事。

　　I have something to do. 我有点事做。