助动词
助动词的定义
最常用的助动词有:be, have, has, do, does, shall, did, will, should, would等,助动词可以协助主要动词构成时态或者语态,也可构成疑问句和否定句,构成否定句时与否定副词not连用。
助动词的分类
半助动词
在功能上介乎主动词和助动词之间的一类结构,称为半助动词。常见的半助动词有be about to, be due to, be going to, be likely to, be meant to, be obliged to, be supposed to, be willing to, have to, seem to, be unable to, be unwilling to等。......
情态助动词
情态助动词 1.情态助动词包括will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better后接原形不定词。 2.情态助动词不受主语的人称和数的限制。 3.两个情态助动词不能连用。 中文:他将能够及时完成此事。 (误)He will can finish it i......
基本助动词
基本助动词 基本助动词只有三个:be, do, have, 它们没有词汇意义,只有语法作用,如协助构成进行体,完成体,被动态,否定句,疑问句等。 例如 He is giving a lecture. 他在作报告He has made a plan. 他已经订了计划The small animals are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在笼子里。
助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用
a. 表示时态,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would,did
助动词具体用法
be的用法
1)be+现在分词,构成进行时态。如:
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
2)be+过去分词,构成被动语态。如:
The window was broken by Tom. 窗户被Tom打破了。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语变得越来越重要。
be+动词不定式
1)表示最近、未来的计划或安排。如:
He is to go to New York next week. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the fresh persons. 我们要教新生。
但应注意:这种用法也可以说是一种将来时态的表达法。
2)表示命令。如:
You are to explain this. 对此你要作出解释。
He is to come to the office this aftermoon. 他今天下午要来办公室。
3)表示征求意见。如:
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
4)表示相约、商定。如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.
我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
have的用法
一、have作助动词
主要变化形式:have,has,had
动名词/现在分词:having
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月末为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时(现在完成时),例:
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成时态的被动语态,例:
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
二、have作普通动词
形式
肯定式否定式疑问式
现在时have(got)或
havehaven't(got)或
don't havehave I(got)?或
do you have?
过去时hadhadn't(got)或
didn't havehad you(got)?或
did you have?
为表示习惯动作,do与have连用:
— Do you have earthquakes in your country? 你们国家地震吗?
— Yes,but we don't have them very often. 有,但不经常。
have意指take(a meal)(吃),give(a party)(举行)等。
We have lunch at one. 我们1点钟吃饭。
They are having a party tomorrow. 他们明天举行聚会。
I hope you'll have a good holiday. 我希望你愉快地度过假期。
do的用法
形式
主要变化形式:do,did,done,does
动名词/现在分词:doing
1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,。
4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
Do come to my birthday party please. 请一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。我真想你了!
5) 用于倒装句,例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6) 用作代替动词,例如:
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车,对吧?
may和can的用法
may用来表示许可
may用于所有人称的现在时及将来时句子中。
might用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。
否定形式:may not/mayn't,might not/mightn't
疑问式:may I?might I?等
否定疑问式:may I not?/mayn't I?等
表示许可的may的其他形式可用allow,be allowed的相应形式代替。
may后面接不带to的不定式(即动词原形)。
can用来表示许可
can用于所有人称的现在时及将来时的句子中。
could用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。
否定式:can not/can't,could not/could't
疑问式:can I?could I?等
否定疑问式:can I not?/can't I?could I not?/couldn't I?等
表示许可的can的其他形式可用于allow,be allowde的相应形式代替。
can与不带to的不定式连用。[1]
shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明:
在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。如今,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
shall在疑问句中,用于第一,第三人称,征求对方意愿
shall I turn on the light?
要开灯吗?( 我把灯打开好吗?)
shall he come to see you?
他要不要来看你
(比较: will he come to see you? 他会不会来看你)
shall 用在陈述句, 与第二第三人称连用, 变为情态动词 表示允诺,命令,警告,和说话人的决心等。
should和would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
比较:
"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周干什么?"我问道。(可以说,shall变成直接引语时,变成了should。)
2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较:
"I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。"
变成间接引语,就成了:
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。过去式从原来的go变为came。
3) would,should,could,might 无词义,与动词的原型构成虚拟语气。如:
We would have finished our paper if we had been given five more minutes.
假如再有5分钟,我们就答完试卷了
"______ they speak Japanese?" "Of course. They are Japanese". [ ] A. Do
B. Could
C. Did
D. Will— Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick?
— John _____.[ ]
A. cleaned
B. does
C. did
D. is— What _____ they _____ of Amanda?
— They love her.[ ] A. do, think
B. are, think
C. does, think
D. is, thinking单项选择。 What ______ you ______? I ______ a guitar player. [ ] A.do, do, do
B.is, do, am
C.do, do, am单项填空。 What ______ you want to do in the Spring Festival? [ ] A. are
B. is
C. do
D. does用所给词的适当形式填空。 1. Please ___ (not) run in the classroom.
2. I"m ___ (eat) some bananas.
3. She often goes ___ (shop) with her mother on Sunday.
4. Please ___ (not play) in the street.
5. The boy is too young ___ (go) to school.
6. Which is ___ (fast), a train or a plane.
7. This shirt is ___ (cheap) than your shirt.用所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. My brother ___ (not need) any help.
2. — Where ___ you ___ (go)?
— I"m going to the grocery store.单项选择。 — What Danny ?
— She will learn English.[ ] A. do, do
B. does, does
C. will, do
D. does, will单项选择。 My brother and my sister their homework on Sunday. [ ] A. don"t
B. not do
C. doesn"t do
D. don"t do— What time _____ your lessons begin?
— _____ 8:25 a.m.[ ] A. does; At
B. does; About
C. do; At
D. do; In— Jim, don"t play computer games anymore!
— Sorry. I do it again.[ ] A. won"t
B. couldn"t
C. didn"tCould you tell me if he ______ come to the party later? [ ] A. should
B. would
C. will
D. shall— You don"t look well. You"d better see the doctor.
— I ______. But the doctor said there was nothing serious.[ ] A. have
B. am
C. will
D. wasyour friend come from England? Yes, he"s an English boy. [ ] A. Are
B. Do
C. Does
D. Is— ______ you a member of the Football Team in your school?
— ______.[ ] A. Do; Yes, I do
B. Do; No, I don"t
C. Are; No, you aren"t
D. Are; Yes, I amIn 1960s, the Beatles were Mr Green"s favorite singers, but now he _______ like them. [ ] A. don"t
B. doesn"t
C. didn"t
D. /I used to love this film when I was young, but I ______ it that way any more. [ ] A. don"t feel
B. didn"t feel
C. haven"t felt
D. hadn"t felt— _____ all the students known that our class will visit the museum this weekend?
—Yes, every student _____ about it.[ ] A. Has; tells
B. Has; told
C. Have; was told
D. Have; were toldI"m Chinese. Where ______ from? [ ] A. do you come
B. are you coming
C. you come
D. you are coming—Why we go out for a walk after supper?
—Good idea.[ ] A. not
B. didn"t
C. don"t
D. tothis watch you? [ ] A. Is; belong
B. Do; belong
C. Does; belong to
D. Does; belong_______ you remember me? I"m Dania, your childhood friend. [ ]
A. don"t
B. Don"t
C. Do not
D. do not— ______ he ______ at this school last term?
— Yes, I think so.[ ] A. Did…study
B. Does…study
C. Was…study
D. Did…studied______ cross the road before the traffic lights turn green. [ ] A. Not
B. Won"t
C. Don"t
D. Doesn"t— _______ we go to the zoo tomorrow afternoon?
—Good idea.[ ] A. Are
B. Shall
C. Do
D. Will— _____ late for school again,Tim!
— Sorry, I promise that I _____.[ ] A. Don"t, won"t
B. Don"t be, won"t
C. Don"t he, don"t
D. Don"t, willBob and Jenny _____ know their teacher"s name. [ ] A. doesn"t
B. does
C. don"t
D. aren"tHer parents _____ lunch at home. [ ] A. doesn"t have
B. haven"t
C. hasn"t
D. don"t have改错。 ( ) 1. Are you know the boy in the car? _______
A B C D
( ) 2. Her book is here. Where is he"s? _______
A B C D
( ) 3. The boy is come from Japan. _______
A B C D
( ) 4. Does she has a big mouth? _______
A B C D
( ) 5. Who"s shoes they are? _______
A B C D—What _____ you like _____?
—I like reading books.[ ] A. are, doing
B. do, doing
C. do, do
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