动词及动词短语辨析

　　动词及动词短语辨析：

　　1.agree with / agree to

　　[辨析]agree with 和agree to都表示“同意;赞同”的意思，但后面所接的宾语不同。agree with后接指人或表示意见、看法的词;agree to 后接表示建议、计划、安排之类的词。例如：

　　I quite agree with you. 我很同意你(的意见)。

　　Do you agree with what I have said? 你赞同我所说的话吗?

　　He has agreed to our suggestion about the holiday. 他已经同意我们度假的建议了。

　　agree with/ agree to/ agree on

　　agree with, agree to和agree on都表示“同意”，但用法不同。

　　◎agree with表示“同意”，后面接表示人的名词或代词，也可以接表示“意见，看法”的名词。

　　We all agree with him. 我们都同意他的意见。

　　Do you agree with my ideas? 你同意我的观点吗?

　　◎agree to表示“同意”，后面接表示“计划，建议，安排”等的名词，接动词原形时构成动词不定式结构。

　　He agreed to our plan at last. 最后他同意了我们的计划。

　　They agreed to come on Monday. 他们同意星期一来。

　　◎agree on表示“(两人以上)就……取得一致意见，在……方面意见一致”，其主语多为复数形式，宾语是表示事、计划等的名词，而不是表示人的名词或代词，它可以与agree in doing sth替换。表示经过协商，讨论或谈判而就某事双方取得了一致意见用on.

　　They agreed on the plan.

　　=They agreed in doing the plan. 他们对这个计划意见一致。

　　We agreed on leaving for Beijing the next day.

　　Why can they never agree on something?

　　◎ agree about sth 涉及讨论的题目

　　They never agree about politics.

　　They all agree about that.

　　特别提示

　　agree with也可以表示“某人适应(食物、气候等)”。

　　The weather doesn’t agree with me. 我不适应这种天气。

　　(2)disagree是agree的反义词，相当于not agree。

　　2.be able to / can

　　be able to与can 都有“会”“能够”的意思。

　　如：No one can do it.=No one is able to do it.

　　当表示现在或过去“能力所及”时，两者可通用。

　　He can/ is able to speak German.

　　I could /was able to run away fast when I was a boy.

　　但两者用法也有区别：

　　1. be able to 侧重强调能力，语气上要比can强一些。可用于多种时态，还可以和某些情态动词连用，其后接不定式。

　　No one is able to do it.

　　He was able to swim when he was quite young.

　　No one was able to answer the question.

　　I’m sorry I haven’t been able to answer your letter.

　　I’ve not been able to find the air ticket.

　　I haven’t been able to get in touch with her.

　　They will be able to finish the work tomorrow.

　　I shall be able to speak English well.

　　You might be able to catch up with them.

　　II. can也可表示能力，这时它和be able to同义，但它只有现在和过去两种时态形式，不能和其它情态动词连用。

　　Look! I can swim now.

　　My father could speak five languages.

　　III. can还可以表示“请求和允许“，而be able to则不能。

　　Can I carry your bag?

　　Can you help me?

　　IV. be able to的过去时还可以表示一种“经过努力做到了”的意思。Can的过去式则没有这种意义。

　　He started late, but he was able to catch the eight o’clock train.

　　Ex: 用can或be able to填空:

　　1. No one ______ do the work.

　　2. I ______ not ______ go to work for three days.

　　3. My little brother ______ swim well when he was only six.

　　4. I ______ finish the book next week.

　　5. He tried hard and ______ swim across the river.

　　6. He ______ not ______ come since he got hurt.

　　(1. can/ is able to 2. have, been able to 3. could/ was able to 4. shall be able to 5. was able to 6. has, been able to )

　　3.begin/ start

　　begin表示“开始”，其内涵是“使处于进程中”。例如：Knowledge begins with practice.从实践开始。

　　start 表示“开始”，其内涵是“起程”。例如：The meeting began last week.次会议是上星期开始的。会议是个过程，在这个意义上用begin 恰当。再如：A thousand-li journey is stared by taking the first step.千里之行，始于足下。所包含的意义是“起步”，所以用start恰当。

　　4.borrow/ lend/ keep

　　[辨析] 这两个动词都有“借”的意思。

　　1) borrow指向别人借东西(借入)，常与from连用。即borrow sth from sb. (somewhere) 向某人或某处借某物 例如：

　　May I borrow your pen? 我可以借用一下你的钢笔吗?

　　I borrowed a dictionary from Li Lei yesterday. 我昨天向李磊借了一本字典。

　　Do you often borrow books from the library? 你经常从图书馆借书吗?

　　2) lend 指把东西借给别人(借出)。一般后面带双宾语。表示“把某物借给某人”，用lend sb sth=或lend sth to sb 例如：

　　I often lend her money. 我经常借给她钱。

　　You mustn’t lend it to others. 你一定不要把它借给别人。

　　Thank you very much for lending the dictionary to me. 非常感谢你把词典借给了我。

　　I have lost my pen. Would you please lend me yours? 我把钢笔弄丢了，你能把你的借给我吗?

　　注意：当sth为代词时，只能说lend sth to sb. 不能说lend sb sth 例如：

　　Please lend it to me. (T)

　　Please lend me it. (F)

　　3) keep指某物能“借”或“保留”多少时间，是持续性动词，而borrow, lend 都是短暂性动词。

　　How long can I keep the book? 这本书我能借多久?

　　I’ll lend you my dictionary, but you can only keep it for one day. 我将把我的字典借给你，但是你只能借一天。

　　[练习] 用borrow, lend和keep填空：

　　1. Would you please ______ your pencil to me?

　　2. I ______ five yuan from him yesterday.

　　3. You may ______ this book for three days.

　　4. I’m going to ______ you my bike.

　　5. Can I ______ your ruler?

　　6. I ______ some books from the library yesterday.

　　7. How long may I ______ the book?

　　8. He ______ me his car for an hour last night.

　　9. May I ______ your bike?

　　10. Who ______ you this book?

　　(key: 1. lend 2. borrowed 3. keep 4. lend 5. borrow )

　　6. borrowed 7. keep 8. lent 9. borrow 10. lent )

　　5.choose/ select/ pick

　　choose, select, pick这组动词都有“挑选”的意思。

　　choose 强调在“选择”某物时的意愿，特别是当挑选物只有两个时，我们应当用choose。如：

　　You can choose any of the two books.你可以选择这两本书中的任何一本。

　　当供选择物多时，最好用select，因为有较多的被挑选物，被选人就必须加以鉴别。如：

　　They were selected from many applicants.他们是从许多请求者当中选出来。

　　pick在用作“挑选”时，不强调鉴别，也不强调意愿。如：

　　Tom picked a red shirt because he liked red.汤姆挑选了一件红衬衫，因为他喜欢红色。

　　6.cross/ pass

　　cross作动词，意为“横过;越过;穿过”，注意across是介词，不可以与cross昏庸，如：

　　They crossed the road。他们过了马路。

　　pass作动词，是指从某地、某物或某人的旁边“经过”，也表示从某物内部或人与热、无物与物之间“穿过”，还可以表示时间或空间的“经过“。如：

　　He passed the post office just now. 他刚才经过邮局。

　　7.cost/ pay/ spend/ take

　　这四个词都可以表示“花费“，但用法有别。

　　cost的主语必须是“物“或”事“后常接life，money，health，time等词。如：

　　That suit costs me$.那件上衣花掉我6美元。

　　pay的基本意思是“支付”其后常接for。如：

　　He paid $5 for the book.他买这本书花了5美元。

　　spend的主语必须是“人”宾语可以是钱、精力、时间等，其后接on+名词或接(in)+动名词，但不能接动词不定式。如：

　　I spent an hour reading。我花了一小时读书。

　　He spent a lot of money on books.他花了许多钱买书。

　　take表示“花费”时，其主语与班是“一件事”，其句型为：It takes/took/sb。Some time/some money to do sth。如：

　　It takes us an hour to go there。到那里去我们要花一个小时。

　　8.dress/ wear/ put on

　　dress 作动词，意为“穿衣”。如：She is dressed very well. 她穿得很漂亮。

　　dress 之后通常接“人”，不接“衣服”。如：Dress yourself quickly. 你快点穿衣服。

　　wear意为“穿着”，指穿的状态。如：She is wearing a white dress today. 她今天穿着白色的服装。

　　put on 意为“穿上”，强调穿的动作。如：He put his coat on and went out. 他穿上外衣出去了。

　　[练习] 用dress, wear或put on 填空：

　　1) Do we have to ______ evening dress for the party?

　　2) Get up and ______ quickly.

　　3) It’s very cold outside. You’d better ______ your coat.

　　4) ______ she ______ the same clothes?

　　5) She washed and ______ the baby.

　　6) He ______ his glasses and read the letter.

　　7) She ______ like a film star.

　　8) I ______ glasses.

　　9) He was ______ in black.

　　10) They ______ up to go to the theatre.

　　(key: 1. wear 2. dress 3. put on 4. is , wearing 5. dress )

　　6. put on 7. dresses 8. wear 9. dressed 10. dressed

　　9.go on/ go on with/ go on doing sth/ go on to do sth

　　go on 继续

　　The game is going on.

　　go on with sth 继续(with后跟名词)

　　It was eleven o’clock at night, but Li Lei was still going on with his homework.

　　go on doing sth 继续做原来做的事

　　He went on reading the text.

　　The doctor went on working all the night.

　　go on to do sth 接着做另一件事

　　He had finished reading the text, and went on to do the homework.

　　他读完课文，接着做作业。

　　Lucy watched TV and went on to listen to the radio.

　　10.go to bed/go to sleep/ fall asleep/ sleep

　　go to bed: 指“上床睡觉”这一动作，但不一定睡着。

　　go to sleep 强调“入睡”的动作。

　　fall asleep 强调“入睡”的状态。有时与go to sleep同义。

　　sleep 指“睡着”时，可与时间段连用。

　　用go to bed, go to sleep, sleep, fall asleep填空

　　1) She ______ from eight in the evening to six in the morning.

　　2) I usually ______ at nine and ______ five minutes after that.

　　3) Mr Black was so tired that he ______ right after he ______.

　　4) Last night Wang Wei ______ very late. Now he is very tired. He’s ______. Wang Wei, wake up! You can’t ______ in class.

　　5) The baby ______ in her mother’s arm.

　　6) It’s time to ______.

　　7) The cock smiles and ______ high up in the tree.

　　8) I can’t ______.

　　9) The boy ______ at nine and ______ two minutes later.

　　10) He was tired. He ______ as soon as he sat down.

　　11) Mother is busy. She often ______ late.

　　12) I ______ at nine last night.

　　13) He didn’t ______ until twelve o’clock.

　　14) The children ______ very well in the night.

　　15) How many hours’ ______ do you need every day?

　　(1. sleeps/ slept 2. go to bed, go to sleep 3. fell asleep, went to bed 4. went to bed, sleeping, fall asleep 5. fell asleep 6. go to bed 7. goes to sleep 8. go to sleep 9. went to bed, fell asleep 10. fell asleep 11. goes to bed 12. went to bed 13. go to sleep 14. slept 15. sleep

　　find / find out

　　find通常指发现，找到有形的东西，也可指偶然发现某物或某种情况。例如：

　　Where did you find the pen? 你在哪儿找到了这支钢笔?

　　I found a note on my desk when I came in. 我进来时发现书桌上有张便条。

　　find out 意为“找出”，“查明”，“发现”，多指通过探索、观察而发现，通常带有“经过困难曲折”的含义，后面接用“无形或隐藏的东西”。常跟宾语从句。例如：

　　How can you find out who took the book? 你怎能查出谁拿走了这本书?

　　I’ll be able to find out the weight of the elephant. 我将能弄清楚大象的体重。

　　Will you try to find out when the train leaves? 请你设法打听一下火车什么时候开，好吗?

　　[练习] 用find或find out填空：

　　1) He looked for his book, but couldn’t ______ it.

　　2) I ______ the baby crying in the next room.

　　3) Will you please ______ where he lives?

　　4) I want to ______ who did it.

　　5) When I went into the room, I ______ John there.

　　6) He hasn’t ______ a job yet.

　　7) ______ she ______ that you broke the window?

　　8) He ______ it difficult to sleep at night.

　　9) ______ anyone ______ the answer to this question?

　　10) I woke up and ______ myself in a hospital.

　　(key: 1. find 2. found 3. find out 4. find out 5. found )

　　6. found 7. Has, found out 8. finds 9. Has, found 10. found )

　　12.hear/ hear of/ hear from

　　[辨析] hear和hear of都可解作“听说”，hear后面接宾语从句，hear of后面接名词、代词或动名词。Hear还可作“听见”，“听到”解，后面可以接名词、代词+不带to的不定式(或分词)的复合结构。试比较：

　　I heard him just now. 我刚才听到他说话。

　　I heard him singing in the next room. 我听见他在隔壁房间里唱歌。

　　I have heard of him. 我听人提到过他。

　　hear from 意为“收到……的信”，“得到……消息”。例如：

　　How often do you hear from your father? 你每隔多久收到你父亲的信?

　　注意：hear from的宾语是“人”，而不是“信”。试译：

　　我们好几个星期未收到他的信了。

　　误：We haven’t heard from his letter for weeks.

　　正：We haven’t heard from him for weeks.

　　[练习]用hear, hear of或hear from填空：

　　1. I haven’t ______ my parents for nearly a month.

　　2. We are sorry to ______ his illness.

　　3. They ______ a knock at the door.

　　4. Do you often ______ your aunt?

　　5. We ______ him going down the stairs.

　　6. I ______ one of the pandas has a baby.

　　7. I’ve never ______ that before.

　　8. Have you still not _______ him?

　　9. I ______ somebody laughing in the next room.

　　10. Who is he? I’ve never ______ him?

　　(key: 1. heard from 2. hear of 3. heard 4. hear from 5. heard )

　　6. hear 7 . heard of 8. heard from 9. heard 10. heard of)

　　13.get married/ be married/

　　get married是固定短语，意为“结婚”，表示动作;而be married表示状态，意为“结婚了”，这两个短语都可以和介词to连用。

　　She’s married to my brother. 她嫁给了我哥哥。

　　They’re saving up to get married. 他们储蓄准备结婚。

　　魔力纠错

　　他和我的一个朋友结了婚。

　　误：He was married with a friend of mine.

　　正：He was married to a friend of mine.

　　魔力解析

　　当表示“与……结婚”时，marry用作及物动词，其后接介词to，而不能用with。

　　特别提示

　　marry是短暂性动词，当表示“结婚多长时间”时，要用be married。

　　Lucy married Robert two years ago.

　　= Lucy has been married to Robert for two years.

　　=It is two years since Lucy married Robert.

　　=Two years have passed since Lucy married Robert. 露茜和罗伯特结婚两年了。

　　知识拓展

　　◎问某人“婚否”时应说Are you married?或Is he married?等;如果“未婚”，可以说I’m single.。

　　◎问某人“何时结的婚”应说When were you married?或When did you get married?。

　　14.try to do sth/ try doing sth

　　try to do sth 表示“设法/努力/企图做某事”。

　　I tried to get there at seven, but I was late.

　　我设法7点到达那里，但还是迟到了。

　　People are trying to solve the problem of water shortage.

　　人们正设法解决缺水的问题。

　　Let’s try to do the work well. 让我们尽一切努力把工作做好。

　　◎try doing sth表示“试着做某事”。

　　Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.

　　如果前门没有人听到，你就试试敲后门。

　　Why not try doing the maths problem in other ways?

　　为什么不试试用别的办法做这道数学题呢?

　　Please try using another method. 请试用另一种方法。

　　15.win/ beat

　　动词win和beat 都可以表示“赢，胜”，其区别是：win后接比赛、奖品、名声、胜利、游戏、战役等;beat接人、队。

　　I was very glad when the boys won the relay race.

　　男同学们赢得了接力赛跑，我非常高兴。

　　You beat me in the race, but I’ll beat you at tennis.

　　赛跑你胜了我，但网球我要赢你。

　　Tom beat all the runners in the 100-metre race.

　　win a battle打胜仗;win the war赢得战争;win a bet赌赢;win a match比赛获胜;win an election选举获胜。

　　16.receive/ accept/ take

　　receive, accept, take这三个词有“接受”的意思。receive通常表示被动的接受。如：

　　Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra ￡100 a year!后来他笑了，并且告诉我说，我将收到100英镑的额外收入!

　　accept通常表示主动而且欣然的接受。如：

　　She has received his present, but she will not accept it.她收到了他的礼物，但她是不会接受的。

　　take 所表示的接受包含着有人赐予的意思。如：

　　Did you take his advice?你接受他的意见了吗?

　　17.seem / look

　　seem和look都可以作连系动词，都可译作“似乎;看上去”。seem所表示的“似乎”或“看来”是以客观的迹象为依据的。如The man seemed to be ill. 这个人好像病了。

　　look所表示的“看来”是以视觉所接受的印象为依据的。如：That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起来很危险。

　　一般说来，seem是关于内心活动主观的用语，而look只是关于感官客观的用语。

　　在搭配上两者都可接形容词，名词(前面常有形容词修饰)动词不定式to be, 过去分词，介词短语。

　　注意：

　　以下几种情况下，只能用seem, 不能用look。

　　1) 后面接动词不定式to do 时。

　　The captain seemed to know all his soldiers. 上尉好像认识他所有的士兵。

　　2) 用于在It seems that…这一句型，如：

　　It seemed certain that Tom would win the prize. 汤姆要得奖似乎是毫无疑问了。

　　3) 用于There seemed +to不定式结构时。

　　There seemed to be hundreds of people on the playground. 运动场上好像有几百人。

　　[练习] 用seem或look 填空

　　1) The man ______ to be ill yesterday.

　　2) That dog ______ dangerous.

　　3) He ______ very strong.

　　4) There ______ to be something wrong with the radio.

　　5) It ______ that he had missed the train.

　　6) It ______ that he had caught a cold.

　　7) I ______ to hear a voice in the next room.

　　8) My mother ______ to like you.

　　9) Helen ______ to be a nice girl.

　　10) He ______ in good health.

　　(Key: 1. seem 2. looks 3. seems/ looks 4. seems 5. seemed )

　　6. seems 7. seemed 8. seems 9. seems 10. seems / looks )

　　18.wish /hope

　　同：wish与hope都有“希望”“想要”的意思。其后均可接不定式和从句，不接动词ing形式。

　　I wish/hope to visit Hangzhou.

　　但应注意以下几点不同：

　　(1) wish后接宾语+不定式，即:wish sb to do sth, 而hope则只接从句，不能说hope sb to do sth.

　　e.g. I wish you to come here soon. √

　　I hope that you will come here soon. √

　　I hope you to come here soon. ×

　　(2) wish 后还可接双宾语，表示“祝愿”，hope则没有这种用法。

　　Let’s wish you a long life.

　　I wish you a happy new year.

　　We wish you a happy birthday.

　　Ex: 用hope或wish填空：

　　1. We ______ to see our English teacher.

　　2. I don’t ______ you to do that any more.

　　3. I ______ you a happy New Year.

　　4. He ______that he will become a PLA man.

　　5. She ______ me to write to her.

　　6.- May I smoke? –Just as you ______.

　　(1. hope/ wish 2. wish 3. wish 4. hopes 5. wished/ wishes 6. wish)

　　19.speak/ say/ tell/ talk

　　[辨析] 这几个词都含有“讲，说”的意思。可是，使用时却各有侧重，不可混淆。

　　1) speak 意为“说话，演讲，发言”，是指说话的能力和方式，不注重内容。如一岁多的婴儿多半会说话 (speak) ,而不会谈论什么(say或talk)。常作不及物动词，也可作及物动词，后接某种语言。

　　Who will speak at the meeting? 谁将在会上发言?

　　The boy is learning to speak. 这小孩正在学说话。

　　How many languages can you speak? 你能说多少种语言/

　　Please speak in English. 请用英语说。

　　2) say 意为“说”，指用言语表达自己的思想，着重述说什么内容(说具体的东西，说单词，句子或说话)，多用于引用语之前或之后。

　　What did he say?　他说写什么?

　　He said, “I’m sorry, I must go now.” 他说：“对不起，我现在就得走。”

　　He says everything he thinks. 他想说什么就说什么。

　　3) talk意为“讲，谈话”。指两人或多人之间的谈话，有较强的对答、对轮意义。另外，talk不像speak指演说或正式发言，而是一般的谈话，交谈。talk一般作不及物动词，也可作名词。

　　Let’s sit down and talk. 让我们坐下来谈谈。

　　What are you talking about? 你们在谈论什么?

　　It’s time for the meeting. Stop talking, please. 该开会了，请不要讲话了。

　　Mr Green and Jack had a long talk. 格林先生和杰克进行了一番长谈。

　　4) tell意为“告诉”，指告诉某人某事，常接双宾语，或讲述一个故事等。例如：

　　Let me tell the good news to everybody. 让我把好消息告诉大家。

　　I told him to go on. 我吩咐他继续下去。

　　Nobody told me the answer to the question. 没有人告诉我这个问题的答案。

　　[练习] 用speak, say, tell或talk填空：

　　1. The foreign friends ______ us something about their country while they were here.

　　2. The Englishman didn’t know how to ______ this word in Chinese.

　　3. She was so scared that she couldn’t ______.

　　4. He ______ that his classmate’s name was Jack.

　　5. I want to ______ about my visit to Beijing.

　　6. Will you please ______ the story in English?

　　7. When he phoned me, I couldn’t hear clearly what he ______.

　　8. ______ up, I can’t hear you.

　　9. Did she ______ she was sorry?

　　10. What does that notice ______?

　　(key: 1. told 2. say 3. speak 4. says 5. talk

　　6. tell 7. said 8. speak 9. say 10. say )

　　20.learn / study

　　[辨析] 这两个动词都作“学习”解，有时可以互换使用。例如：

　　He is learning / studying English now. 他在学习英语。

　　learn 往往指通过学习、练习或由别人教授以获得某种知识或技能，侧重学习的成果，有“学会”，“学到”的意思。study 通常指比较深入地学习，含有努力去学的意味，它侧重学习的过程，有“研究”，“钻研”的意思。例如：

　　He studies in a school near here. 他在附近的一所学校读书。

　　I am learning to skate. 我在学习滑冰。

　　He studied hard and finally learned the language. 他努力学习，终于学会了这种语言。

　　注意：“向某人学习”应该说learn from, 不能用study。例如：

　　Learn from Lei Feng. 向雷锋学习。

　　[练习]用learn或study 填空：

　　1) The boy ______ to swim fast and well.

　　2) ______ hard, work hard, do better every day.

　　3) The general (将军)______ a map in the room now.

　　4) We are going to ______ a new lesson this week.

　　5) We should ______ from each other.

　　6) ______ this list of words for homework.

　　7) Mike is ______ to swim.

　　8) We must ______ the map before we leave.

　　9) We should ______ from him.

　　10) He is ______ to be a doctor.

　　(key: 1. learned 2. Study 3. is studying 4. learn/ study 5. learn )

　　6. Learn 7. learning 8. study 9. learn 10. studying )

　　Wang Lingmin